第三單元 感受英語幽默
Part 1 Text Explanation 單元內容詳解
Reading
NONVERBAL HUMOUR
Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin, bumping into someone else round a corner, or falling down a hole in the road①? If you do②, you are not alone. Some humour can be cruel but some people seem to enjoy seeing other people’s bad luck at times③. Perhaps it makes us feel more content with ④our life because we feel there is someone else worse off ⑤than ourselves.
However, some actors can astonish⑥ us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing. Charlie Chaplin was just such ⑦an actor. He was born in poverty⑧ in 1889 and at that time films were silent. He became famous for using a particular⑨ form of acting, including⑩ mime and farce. His entertaining⑾ silent movies are still popular today. His charming character The Little Tramp is well known throughout the world⑿. He played a poor and homeless⒀ person, who wore large trousers, worn-out⒁ shoes and a small round black hat and carried a walking stick⒂. This character was a social failure⒃ but he was loved by all who watched the films for his determination⒄ in overcoming difficulties ⒅and being kind even when people were unkind to him.
So how did he make a sad situation entertaining? Imagine⒆ you are hungry and all there is to eat is a boiled shoe⒇. How would you make eating a boiled shoe funny? That was the problem facing(21) Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films The Gold Rush. He solved it by using nonverbal humour and this(22)is how it was done.
The film is set in (23)California in the middle of the nineteenth century when gold was discovered and thousands of people rushed there in search of(24) it. In the film. Chaplin and his friend are in California, too. Their job is “panning for gold”(25). They wash sand from the river in a pan of water, and expect to pick up (26)gold, but they have been not fortunate enough(27) to find any. Instead they are caught on(28) the edge of a mountain in a snowstorm in a small wooden house, where they have nothing to eat. They are so hungry that (29) they have to boil a pair of leather shoes in a pan and eat it. Chaplin sits down at the table(30) with his plate and drinking cup. First he picks out the laces and eats them as if they were(31)spaghetti. Then he cuts off(32) the leather top of the shoe, treating it as if it were the finest meat(33). Finally he tries cutting and eating(34) the bottom of the shoe. You can imagine how difficult it is to chew, but he seems to eat every mouthful(35) with great enjoyment. He makes it seem as if it were one of the best meals he has ever had! How hungry would you have to be to eat a shoe?
Chaplin produced, directed(36), and wrote the movies he starred (37)in. In 1972 he was given a special Oscar for his lifetime outstanding work. He lived the last years of his life (38) in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.
Comprehension
3.He was in such a hurry that he bumping into an old lady.
A knocked into(39) B came across (40) C waved goodbye D looked up at
4.The problem Charlie Chaplin was having to deal with(41) would not go away(42).
A practicing B preferring to talk to C trying to understand D facing
①a. see sb. doing意為“看到某人正在做”。現在分詞在結構中作賓語補足語表示主動或正在進行。如果賓語與后面的賓語補足語存在邏輯上的主謂關系,且賓補所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,賓補就用現在分詞。常見的用現在分詞作賓補的結構有：get / leave / keep / set / catch / have sb. doing; see / find / watch / feel / hear / listen to / discover sb. doing 如:
He kept me waiting the whole morning.
他讓我等了整整一上午。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天經過她房間時，我聽見她在唱英文歌。
It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.
你讓機器一直開著是不對的。
Don’t have the water running all the time.
不要讓水流個不停。
The clerk caught the girl stealing in the supermarket.
那個店員在超市當場抓住了那個女孩偷東西。
b. 過去分詞作補語:如果補語與賓語具有邏輯上的動賓關系,賓補的動作具有"完成"概念,或賓補表示已經存在的狀態,就用過去分詞作賓補表示被動或完成。常見的用過去分詞作賓補的結構有:keep / leave / have / get sth. done; find / see / discover / observe / notice / hear sth. done; make oneself done如:
I have never heard the song sung in English.
我從來沒有聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次聽到有人唱這首英文歌。
The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.
客人們沒有動大部分菜，因為它們嘗起來味道不咋樣。
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
湯姆打球時把胳膊弄斷了。
I’ll have my bike repaired tomorrow.
我明天要修車。
c. 不定式作賓補時有兩類:
a) 帶to的不定式作賓補。很多動詞如allow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等后面作賓補的不定式都帶to。 如:
He didn't allow us to smoke in his house.
他不允許我們在他的家里吸煙。
He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.
他走了，留下我一個人去做剩余的所有工作。
We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.
我們匆匆忙忙地結束了會議，留下了很多問題等待解決。
The general ordered his men to withdraw in three hours.
將軍命令士兵三小時后撤退。
b) 不帶to的不定式作賓補。使役動詞make, have, let等后面作賓補的不定式不帶to，表示讓某人主動做某事;感官動詞see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面作賓補的不定式不帶to，表示看到或聽到事情發生的全過程。但在被動語態中，動詞不定式的符號to要還原。如:
He always makes his sister cry, but today he was made to cry by his sister.
他經常把他的妹妹弄哭，今天他卻被妹妹弄哭了。
He made a face and made everybody laugh.
他做了一個鬼臉,逗得大家都笑了。
I heard her sing a English song just now.
剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
媽媽讓我去小店里買點鹽。
②a. do在上下文中代替句中的主要動詞，避免重復。動詞的替代詞通常是實意動詞。如果被替代的動詞是及物的，則替代詞后面須跟賓語。動詞替代詞可與情態動詞連用，在否定句和疑問句中有時還須引進助動詞do的適當形式。如：
I finished my job before they did.
我在他們之前完成了工作。
In the earliest times, people couldn’t count as we do now.
在遠古時候，人們不象我們現在這樣計數。
---- Do you like Beijing?
---- Yes, I do.
--你喜歡北京嗎？
--是的，喜歡。
Mary studies modern history and she doesn’t do modern language.
馬麗學習現代歷史但不學現代語言。
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何開車，對吧？
You should tell us the truth, if you don’t , you will be punished.
你要說實話，要不然你將會受到懲罰。
b. do與so搭配的復合動詞do so，既可以替代動賓結構，也可以替代動狀結構。如：
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so.
他說他要告訴我消息，但他沒有這樣做。
He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so?
他抽煙很厲害，他哥哥也這樣嗎？
…Jane is crying for some more cakes in the kichen.
…Yes, but her little brother isn’t doing so.
－簡在廚房里哭著還要蛋糕。
－是的，可她的小弟弟可沒有這樣。
c. 代動詞do還可以與so搭配，構成兩個意義不同的常用句型：“So+do＋主語”和“So +主語＋do”，這兩個句型常用于簡短反應。
a) “So+do＋主語”表示上面的情況同樣適用于另一個對象。在這一結構中，主語與上文的主語不同。如：
…I like playing football.
…So do I.
－我喜歡踢足球。
－我也是。
…He went to Changzhou last week.
…So did I.
－他上星期到常州去了。
－我也去了。
注〕如果上文表示否定意義，在簡短反應中則用“Neither/Nor+do+主語”。此時do 是助動詞。如：
…He doesn’t speak Russian.
…Neither/Nor do I.
－他不說俄語。
－我也不說俄語。
b) “So +主語＋do”表示對別人所說的情況加以肯定，這時，主語與上文的主語相同。如：
…The students work hard.
…So they do.
－學生學習很努力。
－確實是的。
…He does well in English.
…So he does.
－他英語學的很好。
－是的，確實如此。
③a. at times意為“時常，有時”，相當于sometimes。如：
At times I go out to the beach.
有時我去海邊。
He writes to me at times.
他時常寫信給我。
At times I go by car.
有時我坐車過去。
b. 關于time的常用詞組有：
in no time 立刻；馬上
at no time 決不；在什么時候也不（當at no time位于句首時，該句須用倒裝語序）
at the same time 同時
at one’s time of life 在某人的年紀
at a time 一次；同時
at one time 從前；曾有一時（常與過去式連用）
( at ) any time 隨時（at可省略）
any time 哪里，哪里；隨時效勞（是用來回答別人道謝的話）
at all times 經常；老是（= always ）
behind time 晚點，遲到
from time to time 有時；時常
out of time 過時
for the time being 暫時
in time of 在……的時候
in one’s own time 在某人的業余時間
give sb a rough time （使某人）受折磨
time and time again 一次又一次
once upon a time 從前
many a time 許多次
have a good time 玩的開心
kill time 消磨時間
take one’s time 不著急
ahead of time 提前
some time 一段時間；一些時候
sometime 將來某個時候
sometimes 偶爾；有時
some times 若干次
c. time除了能作名詞，表示“時間、時刻、次數、倍數”外，還能作及物動詞使用，表示“安排好時間、為（比賽或選手）計時”。如：
He timed his journey so that he could arrive at the hotel before dark .
他安排好了他的旅程，以便能在天黑以前到達旅館。
You have timed your holiday cleverly-the weather is at its best.
你真會選度假時間---正是天氣最好的時間。
His remark was badly timed.
他說的話不合時宜。
Kick-off is timed for 2:30.
足球開賽時間定于下午二時半。
This egg is hard-you didn’t time it properly.
雞蛋煮老了---你沒掌握好火候。
Time how long it takes me to do two lengths of the pool.
給我記一下我游一個來回的時間。
d. time的常用句型有：
a). It’s time for sth . 或 It’s time ( for sb . ) to do sth . 意為“該是……的時候了”。如：
It’s time for dinner .
該是吃晚餐的時候了。
It’s time for children to go to bed .
是小孩睡覺的時候了。
It is time to go to school.
該上學了。
b). It’s ( high/about ) time ( that ) sb . did/should do sth . 意為“該是……的時候了”。該句型中的that 從句需要用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞常用過去式,也可用should+動詞原形（此處should不可省略）。如：
It’s high time that we should start.
我們該出發了。
It’s time that we devoted ourselves to our country .
該是我們報效祖國的時候啦。
It’s time that I should go to fetch my daughter.
我該去接我的女兒了。
It’s about time that stopped fooling around and started looking for a job。
你可別再游手好閑了，早該找份工作了吧。
c). This is the time when sb . should do sth . 或The time has come when sb . should do sth . 這兩個句型也用來表示“該是……的時候了”，when 引導的定語從句用陳述語氣或“should + 動詞原形”的形式。如：
This is the time when you should get up .
是你該起床的時候了。
The time has come when we should part from each other.
該是我們必須道別的時候了。
The time has come when you should tell me all the truth.
該是你向我說出全部實情的時候了。
d). every ( each , any , next , first , last ) time 作連詞使用，引導時間狀語從句。如：
Every ( Each ) time I saw him , I found him to be taller .
我每次遇見他，都覺得他又長高了。
The last ( first ) time I went to China , I visited Shanghai .
我上（第一）次到中國時，游覽了上海。
Next time you see him, tell him the truth.
下次見到他時，告訴他實情。
Any time you need help, please tell me.
無論何時你需要幫助，盡管告訴我。
e). by the time 引導時間狀語從句時，意為“到……時為止”，主句一定要用完成時態。如：
By the time he was twelve , Edison had built a chemistry lab for himself 。
愛迪生十二歲時，就建立了自己的化學實驗室。
By the time you saw me, I had had five hamburgers.
你看到我的時候我已經吃了五個漢堡了。
By the time he went to school, he had leaned more than 3000 words by heart.
到他上學的時候，他已經記住3000多個單詞了。
f). This is the first ( second , last ) time ( that ) sb . has done sth . 意為：是某人第幾次……。在該句型中，this 可以由that 或it 替換；從句中的謂語動詞必須用完成式，且要與主句謂語動詞be 的時態保持一致。如：
This is the third time I have been to Beijing .
這是我第三次去北京了。
That wasn’t the first time Linda had taken too many pills .
那不是琳達第一次服用這么多的藥丸了。
It will be the fifth time that he will have been invited to such a meeting .
這將是他第五次應邀參加這種會議。
g). 三倍以上倍數的表達方式常用以下幾種句型：
A is times + as + 形容詞或副詞的原級 + as + B
A is times + 形容詞或副詞的比較級 + than + B .
A is times + the + 名詞 + of + B . 如：
The sitting room is 3 times as large as the kitchen .
起居室的面積是廚房的三倍。
Your bag is three times larger than mine .
你的包比我的大三倍。
Your cake is twice the size of mine .
你的蛋糕比我的大一倍。
My school is one third the size of yours.
我們學校只有你們學習的三分之一大。
④a. be content with/to do 意為“知足；滿足，滿意；愉快”。content此處為形容詞，常作表語。如：
Are you content with your present salary?
你對現在的薪水滿意嗎？
Now that she has apologized, I am content.
既然她已經道歉了，我也就滿意了。
He is content to stay in his present job.
他對現在的工作心滿意足。
He is content to remain where he is now.
他安于現狀。
He was content that the thing had happened.
這事終于發生了對此他是滿意的。
I am very content with my life at present.
我對目前的生活心滿意的。
She seems content to sit in front of the television all night.
看來她愿意在電視機前坐個通宵。
b. content作及物動詞意為“使滿意；使滿足，使不復有所求”常用于詞組content oneself with，意為“滿足或滿意于某事物（雖然可能有更高的要求）”。如：
Simple praise is enough to content him.
他只要聽到實事求是的表揚就心滿意足了。
As there is no cream, we’ll have to content ourselves with black coffee.
既然沒有奶油，我們只好喝清咖啡算了。
As the TV’s broken, you’ll have to content yourself with listening to the radio.
既然電視機壞了你就只好收聽無線電算了。
c. content作名詞， 表示“所容納的東西，所含之物，內容（指書內全部章節）；目錄”時應用其復數形式contents。如：
Look up the contents at the beginning of the book.
查一下卷首的目錄。
The drawer had been emptied of its contents.
抽屜已經騰空了。
She hadn’t read the letter and so was unaware of its contents.
她沒有看那封信，所以不知道信的內容。
At the front of the book is a table of contents, giving details of what is in the book.
書的前部有目錄，詳列了書中的內容。
d. content表示“實質內容，要旨；意義；容量；容積；含量，成分”時，常用單數形式。如：
In my opinion, the movie lacks content.
依我看這部電影缺乏實質性內容。
Her life only had content when she was with him.
她只有與他在一起時生活才有意義。
Oranges have a high vitamin C content.
橙子的維生素C含量很高。
Food with a high fat content is not good for our health.
脂肪含量高的事物對我們的身體健康沒有好處。
e. content 作不可數名詞意為“滿足，滿意”。如：
He takes content in nothing.
他這人從不滿足。
Can’t you see the quiet content of the well-fed child?
難道你看不到孩子喂飽后不哭不鬧的滿足狀嗎？
⑤a. be worse off意為“比以前更窮，更不愉快、更不健康等”。其反義詞組為be better off意為“較好的；較明智的”。如：
The increase in taxes means that we’ll be ￡30 a month worse off.
加稅以后我們每月收入就要少了30英鎊。
I’ve only broken my arm; other patients are far worse off than me.
我只是胳膊折了，其他病人比我嚴重的多。
He’d be better off going to the police about it.
他最好把這件事報告警方。
b. worse still相當于what’s worse, 意為“更糟的是”，作插入語，修飾全句。如：
Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its month.
更糟的是，獅子會吃掉嬰兒。
In the earthquake, many houses were destroyed. Worse still, lots of people lost their lives.
地震中很多房子被毀，更糟的是，一些人失去了生命。
It was dark that night. Worse still, it was snowing hard.
那天晚上天很黑，更糟的是，還下起了大雪。
We were very tired at that time, and what's worse, it was raining heavily.
那時我們已經精疲力竭了，更糟的是，天還下著大雨。
c. to make matters/things worse意為“使情況更危險或更困難”。如：
To make matters worse, he refused to apologize.
更糟的是他拒不道歉。
He was very rude to the Customs officer, which of course made things even worse.
他對海關官員十分無禮，使得情況更糟了。
My car broke down on my way home. To make things worse, it began to rain heavily.
我的車在回家的路上壞了。更糟糕的是天有下起了大雨。
⑥ a. astonish是個及物動詞，意為"使驚訝，吃驚，震驚"。如：
The news astonished everybody.
這個消息令所有的人感到驚訝。
It astonishes me that no one has thought of this before.
以前誰也沒想到這一點，使我感到驚訝。
He was astonished to hear he had got the job.
他聽到獲得了那份工作而感到驚訝。
It will astonish you to hear what I paid for this ring.
聽到我花多少錢買這枚戒指會使你大吃一驚。
b. astonished是形容詞常作表語，意為“感到驚訝，吃驚”。be astonished to do sth./at sth./ that…解釋為"……感到驚訝"，如：
We astonished to hear the loud sound.
我們被那巨大的聲音嚇了一跳。
I was astonished that he appeared at the party.
他出現在聚會上，令我感到驚訝。
Everybody was astonished at the news.
這個消息令所有的人感到驚訝。
He was astonished to see his father.
他很驚異的看見他父親。
You look astonished at my appearance.
對于我的出現你似乎很驚訝。
c. astonishing為形容詞，意為“使人驚訝的，驚人的”。如：
I find it quite astonishing that none of you liked the play.
我感到驚訝的是你們誰都不喜歡那個劇。
There were an astonishing number of applicants for the job.
申請這份工作的人數多的驚人。
It was such an astonishing performance for such a young musician.
對于如此年輕的音樂家來說，這是令人驚異的演出。
d. astonishment是astonish的名詞形式。意為“驚訝，驚奇”。如：
Imagine my astonishment when Peter walked in!
你可以想象，當彼得進來的時候，我是多么的驚訝。
To my astonishment it had completely disappeared.
使我驚訝的是，它消失的無影無蹤了。
He looked at me in astonishment.
他驚奇地看著我。
⑦a. such這里為形容詞，意為“如此的，這樣的”。修飾單數名詞時，放于不定冠詞a(an)之前，
若名詞前有one，no，any，some, all, many等修飾時，such放在這些修飾詞之后。如：
He's such a man.
他就是這么一個人。
One such table is enough.
這樣的桌子，有一張就夠了。
There is no such thing.
沒有這么一回事。
b. such位于句首時, 句子須全部倒裝，此句型中的such是 指示代詞，多被認為是表語，所以such后的be動詞應與其后的真正的主語保持一致。如：
Such is my hope for the future.
我對未來的希望就是這樣。
Such were the facts.
事實就是這樣。
Such are the facts, no one can deny them.
這就是事實，誰也不能否認。
Such is Albert, a simple man.
阿爾伯特就是這樣一個簡單的人。
c. such sth. that…，such sth. as…句型意為“下述一類的；（象后面提及的）那樣的，這樣的，如此的”；還可意為“（重要性、價值等）達到那種程度的”。如從句不缺少句子成分，用that引導，表示“如此…以至于”；如從句中缺少句子成分，用as引導，表示“像…一樣的“像……”。如：
Such a disaster as her car being stolen had never happened before.
有的禍事，象她汽車被盜之類，以前從未發生過。
Such advice as he was given proved almost worthless.
給他提的那類建議簡直毫無價值。
The knot was fastened in such a way that it was impossible to undo.
這個結系地那么緊，根本解不開。
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.
他的胳臂很長，幾乎能碰到天花板。
She is such a good teacher just as we expect.
正如我們所料，她是一位好老師。
d. 用于某些短語中，如：such as表示列舉，有“例如、諸如”等意思，as such則是“作為一個…，本身；按照某詞通用的或嚴格的詞義”等意思，such and such意為“某某，這種那種的”等意思。如：
I like drinks such as tea and soda.
我喜歡諸如茶和汽水之類的飲料。
Wild flowers such orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
蘭花和報春花之類的野花越來越少了。
Wealth as such doesn't matter much.
財富本身算不了什么。
I can’t call my book a best seller as such but it’s very popular.
我不敢說我的書是暢銷書，但可以說很受歡迎。
Such and such results follow from such and such causes.
這樣那樣的原因就產生這樣那樣的結果。
e.so與such的用法區別由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數量的形容詞many，few，much， little連用，形成固定搭配。如：
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可數] such +n. [不可數]
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
He is so clever that he could work out such a difficult problem.
他很聰明，把那么難的問題都解出來了。
Jack ran so fast that he could catch up with the bus.
杰克跑得很快，居然趕上的公共汽車。
David is so good a player that he has fans all over the world.
大衛是個非常好的球員，全世界各地都有他的球迷。
There were so many people in the street that it was impossible for him to find the lost child.
街上的人太多了，他根本就不可能找到那個丟失的孩子。
She is such a nice girl that everyone loves her.
她是一個人見人愛的好姑娘。
He had made such great progress that he passed all his exams.
他取得了巨大的進步，每門考試都通過了。
⑧ a. in poverty意為“處于貧困之中”。介詞in加名詞多用于表靜態狀況，如安全、危險、健康、涉及人的情緒等。意為“在……狀況中;在……情況下”。如：
in trouble 陷入困境;
in danger 處于危險中;
in order 有序，有條理;
in surprise 驚訝地;
in silence 默默地;
in high/low spirits 情緒高漲/低落等等。
in peace 平靜地
in a mess 亂七八糟
in rags （穿得）破破爛爛
in poor health 健康欠佳
in good repair 保存良好
in fun 開玩笑地
in a hurry 匆匆忙忙地
in ruins 呈廢墟狀態
in anger 憤怒地
in a rage 憤怒之中
如：
She went to school in a hurry.
她匆忙地上學去了。
The city was in ruins after the war.
戰爭過后，這個城市變成了一片廢墟。
Are you in poor health? You don’t look well.
你身體不太好嗎？你看起來不怎么好？
Even he is in poverty, he is always ready to help others.
即使他沒錢的時候他也總是樂于助人。
b. on加名詞用語表示動態，如正在從事某種活動或處于某種運動狀態之中。如：
on business 出差;
on a visit 在訪問;
on show 在上映;
on strike 在罷工;
on watch 在站崗/放哨;
on fire 在著火;
on vacation/holiday 在度假，等等。如：
Are there any live fish on sale in the market?
市場里還有活魚賣嗎？
The house is on fire.
房子著火了。
The president is on a visit to Paris.
總統去巴黎訪問了。
⑨ a . particular為形容詞，意為“非一般的，特別的，特殊的;個別的，個人的；難以滿足的，挑剔的”。In particular是習語，意為“尤其，特別”。如：
She took particular care not to overcook the meat.
她特別小心不把肉烹調過火。
He is a particular friend of mine.
他是我的特殊朋友。
Is there any particular color you would prefer?
你有什么特別喜歡的顏色嗎？
She is very particular about what she wears.
她對衣著很講究。
She is a very particular person.
她這個人很挑剔。
The whole meal was good but the wine in particular was excellent.
整頓飯都很好，尤其是葡萄酒更好。
---Is there anything in particular you’d like for dinner?
---No, nothing in particular.
---正餐你有什么特別喜歡的菜嗎？
---沒有，什么都行。
b. particular作名詞時常用復數形式，意為“信息，事項，細節”。如：
Her account is correct in every particular/all particulars.
她的帳目筆筆無誤。
He gave full particulars of the stolen property.
他詳細列出全部被盜的財物。
The policeman wrote down his particulars, ie his names, address, etc.
警察記下了他的個人資料。
c. especially/ particularly/ specially三詞的區別。
particularly 為副詞，意為“尤其；格外地”，通常以不尋常的方式突出某一事物的個性或獨特之處。它可和especially通用，但更強調“與眾不同”；especially 是副詞意為“格外地、主要地、尤其”，用于強調某種特別感受,起突出強調的作用。指與其他同類相比，某人(物)情況達到異常的程度。常在介詞或連詞前常用；副詞specially意為“為了某一特別的目的；專門”,多指為一特別目的而作。如：
This handbook is particularly useful for middle school students.
這種手冊對中學生尤其有用。
I like all her novels, but her latest is particularly good.
她的小說我都喜歡，最新的一部尤其好。
Be particularly careful when driving at night.
晚上開車要特別小心。
The sight here is very beautiful, especially when there is fog.
這兒的景色很美，尤其是有霧的時候。
I came here specially to see you.
我特地來看你。
Our garden is beautiful, especially in fall.
我們的花園很漂亮，尤其在秋天。
This time I came back specially to see my family, especially my little daughter who was ill.
這次我專程回來看望我的家人，尤其是我生病的小女兒。
These shoes were specially made for you.
這鞋是專門為你做的。
I like all the subjects, especially English and math.
所有的科目我都喜歡，尤其是英語和數學。
I like the beauty of the countryside, especially when spring comes.
我喜歡郊野的自然美景，特別是當春天到來的時候。
This book is specially written for children.
這本書是特地為孩子們寫的。
⑩a. including是現在分詞作介詞意為“包含；包括”，后接名詞。included置于名詞后，相當于including+名詞。如：
Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood, including old people.
這里所有的人，包括老人，都參加了防洪斗爭。
Everybody had something to say, me included/ including me.
所有的人，包括我在內，都有些話要說。
Many people like the book, including me (或 me included.)
許多人都喜歡這本書，包括我。
Tom took away all his things, including his books (或his books included.)
湯姆把他所有的東西都拿走了，包括他的書。
Many women were waiting to buy that kind of cloth, including my mother .
許多婦女都在等著買那種布，包括我媽媽。
I have to prepare food for seven people, including me.
我必須準備包括自己在內 7 個人的食物。
The band played many songs, including some of my favorites
樂隊演奏了許多歌曲，包括幾首我最喜愛的。
Sales up to and including last month amounted to ￡10,000.
銷售額至上月底為止達10，000英鎊。
b. include與contain的區別：
include 是動詞，意為“包含（某人/某事物）；包括”；contain為動詞，意為“包含，容納” 。contain和 include 雖然都有"包含"的意思，但 contain 可用于表示包含所含之物的全部或部分，而 include 則只是包含一部分。可以這樣說，include 著重"被包含者只是整體中的一部分"。contain 著重"內有"。如：
The Chinese nation includes more than 50 national minorities besides the Hans.
中華民族除了漢族外，還包括五十多個少數民族。
The parcel contained a dictionary.
那包裹里裝的是一本字典。
The parcel included a dictionary.
那包裹里也包括了一本字典。
The tour includes a visit to Paris.
這次旅行包括游覽巴黎。
The basket contains a variety of fruits.
這籃子裝有各種水果。
The jar contains ten glasses of water.
這只大口瓶裝了十杯水。
The price includes both house and furniture.
價錢包括房子和家具。
I include him among my friends.
我把他當作朋友。
c.分詞可以作介詞用的詞有concerning關于; considering考慮到,就…而言; regarding關于; respecting關于; compared to/with與…相比; owing to “由于……因為……”; given考慮; judging from從…來判斷;等等。如：
Considering his age, he is tall.
考慮到他的年紀，他算是高的了。
Considering he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
考慮到他只是剛剛開始，他對此的了解已經不少了。
She’s very active, considering her age.
就她的年齡來說，她是夠活躍的。
I have nothing to say concerning his speech.
至于他的演講，我無話可說。
I hear he is more than 70, but he is still very strong, considering his age.
聽說他已經 70 多歲了，但從他的年紀來看，他仍然很結實。
Considering （ that ） he did not study hard, he did well on the test.
考慮到他沒有用功，他考得還不錯。
Compared with / to her mother, she is tall.
和她母親比起來，她算很高了。
Owing to unfavorable weather, I was unable to carry on with it.
由于天氣不好，我不能把它進行下去。
Judging from / by what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所說的來判斷，他一定是個誠實的人。
Judging from / by his accent, he must be from Guangdong province.
從他的口音來判斷，他一定來自廣東。
Regarding this point, he is correct.
關于這一點，他是對的。
Respecting your salary, we shall come to a decision later.
關于你的工資，我們將在以后做出決定。
Concerning your letter, I am pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable.
關于來信，我很高興地通知你，我們覺得你的計劃是可接受的。
Given that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job.
考慮到他們經驗不足，他們的工作做得還不錯。
Given his support, I think we'll win the election.
若能獲得他的支持，我想我們會贏得這次選舉。
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
如果身體好的話，我希望這年完成這項工作。
Give the opportunity, he might well have become an outstanding artist.
如果有機會，他可能早就成為一名優秀的藝術家。
Given their inexperience, they have done a good jib.
考慮到他們缺乏經驗，他們干得還是不錯的。
Given his age, he is rather healthy.
就他年齡來論，他是相當健康的。
Allowing for / Considering traffic delays, it will take you an hour to get there.
把路上的耽擱算進去，你要用一小時才能到那兒。
I will agree to go provided / providing that my expenses are paid.
假如為我負擔費用，我就同意去。
We can all leave together ---assuming(that) / supposing (that )the others aren't late.
我們大家可以一起去─假定其他人不耽擱的話。
⑾a. entertaining是形容詞，意為“使人愉快的，有趣的”。如：
He is the most entertaining guest.
他是最風趣的客人。
We saw a very entertaining film yesterday.
我們昨天看了一部很有趣的電影。
b. entertain是動詞，意為“招待，款待某人；使某人快樂; 愿意考慮某事物”。如：
I don’t entertain very often.
我不常在家請客。
They do a lot of entertaining.
他們時常設宴待客。
They entertained us to dinner last night.
他們昨晚設宴招待我們。
Could you entertain the children for an hour, while I make supper.
我做晚飯時，你能哄孩子們玩一個小時嗎？
He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes.
他給我們講故事、說笑話、讓我們高興了幾個小時。
He refused to entertain our proposal.
他拒不考慮我們的提議。
c. entertainment為名詞，意為“招待，款待，娛樂”。如：
He fell in the water, much to the entertainment of the children.
他掉進水里，逗的孩子們樂不可支。
The local entertainments are listed in the newspaper.
報紙上登有本地的娛樂活動。
He often goes to places of entertainment to kill time.
他經常去娛樂場所消磨時間。
⑿a. throughout是介詞，意為“遍及，遍布；貫穿(場所，時間之中)，從頭到尾”。比through更強調“完全”。throughout常等于all through。throughout the world意為“全世界”。如：
They went on working all through the night.
=They went on working throughout the night.
他們持續工作了一個通宵。
I remained silent throughout.
我自始至終都保持緘默。
The ring is gold throughout.
這戒指是純金的。
The new epidemic spread throughout the country.
那種新傳染病蔓延到了全國各地。
They searched for the lost child throughout the day.
他們整日尋找那失蹤的孩子。
National Day was celebrated throughout the country.
全國都在慶祝國慶節。
This feeling persisted throughout the day.
這種感覺持續了一整天。
b. throughout還可作副詞，意為“各方面，各處；在某事的整個期間”。如：
The house was printed green throughout.
那房子整個涂成綠色的了。
Certain names in the book were underlined throughout.
書中在某些名字下面都劃了線。
I watched the film and cried throughout.
我看那個電影時從頭哭到尾。
c. through作介詞，意為“穿過，通過；或（指方法，手段等）以、用、憑借、通過；從開始到結束，在…期間等”。如：
The river runs through our village.
這條河流經我們的村莊。
Light comes in through the window.
光線從那扇窗子透近來。
We sold the car through advertising in the local paper.
我們賣那部車是通過在地方報上登廣告。
Their success was achieved through hard work.
他們的成功是靠努力工作而取得的。
He worked all through the summer.
整個夏季他都在工作。
The exhibit will be open Tuesday through Saturday.
展覽開放時間為周二到周六。
I was in college from 1977 through 1981.
我從1977年到1981年在大學求學。
d. through作副詞意為“通過，穿過；徹底地，完全地；接通”。如：
I read the book through.
我把這本書看完了。
He was wet through.
他完全濕透了。
Can you put me through to Mr. Jones?
請給我接瓊斯先生好嗎？
The door opened and we went through.
門開了，我們穿門而過。
The gap in the fence wasn’t big enough to get through.
柵欄上的缺口不夠大，鉆不過去。
Those boards are rotten through and through.
那些木板已完全腐朽。
e. through還可作形容詞，意為“直達的，直通的（相當于direct）；完成的，結束的”。如：
We took a through train to London.
我們乘直達火車到倫敦。
When you are through in the kitchen, let me know.
你在廚房忙完后就告訴我。
⒀a. homeless為形容詞，意為“無家可歸的”。-less為否定后綴。如：
countless 不可數的
wireless 無線的
ceaseless 不停止的
careless 粗心的
b. 否定前綴：在英語中，有一些表示否定意義的前綴，在表示否定意義的時候，它們的用法基本相同，可譯成漢語“非”、“無”、“不（是）”、“未”等。但這些前綴的來源以及接在后面的詞有一定的差別。此外，除了表示否定意義外，它們各自還可表示其他的意義。下面分別作簡單介紹。
a) un-：來源于希臘語。可加在形容詞現在分詞和過去分詞前構成形容詞；加在副詞前構成副詞加在名詞前構成名詞。如：
unafraid 不怕的，無懼色的
unaware 不知道的，不注意的
unclean 不干凈的，骯臟的
unhappy 不幸福的，不快樂的
uninteresting 無趣味的，乏味的
unknown 不知的；未知的；無名的
unmarried 未婚的
uncommonly 不普通地；不平凡地
unemployment 失業
unrest 不寧，不安；動亂，騷動
b) non-：來源于羅曼語。加在形容詞動詞和名詞前構成形容詞、名詞。如： nondestructive 非破壞性的
nondollar 非美元的；非美無區的
noneffective 無效力的，不起作用的
nonstop 不停的，不斷的
nonconductor 非導體，絕緣體
nonsmoker 非吸煙者
c) dis-：來源于羅曼語。加在形容詞、動詞和名詞前。如：
disloyal 不忠誠的
dishonest 不老實的
disagree 不同意、不一致、不符
dislike 不喜歡，厭惡
displeasure 不愉快，不滿、生氣
d) in-：來源于拉丁語。加在形容詞、現在分詞、過去分詞、名詞前。如：
incorrect 不正確的，錯誤的
inconvenient 不方便的
inexpensive 花費不多的；人格公道的
invalid 無效的
injustice 非正義；不公正
instability 不穩定性；不堅決
e) il-：來源于拉丁語。用在以字母“Ｉ”開始的詞前面， 后可接形容詞現在分詞、過去分詞、名詞。如：
illegal 不合法的、非法的
illiterate 文盲的；無知的
illogical 不合邏輯的，缺乏邏輯的
illiquid 非現金的；無流動資金的
illiteracy 文盲，無知
f) im-：來源于拉丁語。用在以字母“b”、“p”、“m”開始的詞前面，后可接形容詞、名詞。如：
imbalance 不平衡，不均衡
immeasurable 無法計量的
immemorial 無法追憶的
impassable 不能通行的
imperfect 不完美的
impossible 不可能的
g) ir-：來源于拉丁語。用在以字母“r”開始的形容詞前。如：
irregular 不規則的，不規律的
irrecoverable 能恢復的
irresponsible 不承擔現任的，不需負責任的
irreplaceable 不能替代的；不能恢復原狀的
c. 否定前綴表示“否定”以外的其他意義。
a) “un-”表示下列意義時來源于日耳曼語，可以在動詞或名詞前構成動詞， 有四種意義,如：
（a)表示“做相反的動作”如：
unsay 收回，取消（前言）
unclose 打開
unseal 開啟......的封印；拆（信）；使解除束縛
unarm 解除......的開裝，繳......的械
unbuild 拆毀；摧毀
（b）表示“使喪失”，“奪去”，“廢止”如：
unseat 剝奪....的席位；使失去資格；使退位
unsex 使失去性功能；使失去性別特征（尤指女性）
vunman 使失去男子漢氣概；閹割；撤去（船只或艦隊）的人員
（c）表示“由.....解脫”“由.....取出”，如：
unhand 把手從......移開；放掉
unbosom 吐露（心事），暴露（思想）
unearth 發掘；掘出
4)表示“徹底”，如：
unloose 松開；解放，釋放
b) “non-”的兩種新義：
(a)“不重要的”，“無價值的”含有“假冒”，“欺騙”等意思。如：
nonbook 毫無文學價值、濫竽充數的書
non-friend 假朋友
nonperson 被認為不存在的人：（ 由于政治或意識形態原因而）被排除在考慮之外的人（也可用unperson）
nonevent 被期望但未實現（或結果使人掃興）的事
(b)“缺乏傳統性的”。如：
non-hero=anti-hero 非傳統式英雄，
nonnovel 不能按傳統創作法寫成的小說
c)“dis-”表示“分離”、“除去”、“剝奪”，如：
discharge 卸貨；排出（氣體等）
discolour (使)變色，（使）褪色
discourage 使泄氣，使失去信心
dishearten 使失去勇氣，使沮喪 ， 使失去信心
displace 移植，轉移
d)“in”表示“在內”，“進”、“入”、“向”、“朝”。如：
inclose(=enclose) 圍住；圈起；關閉住
income 收入，收益
vinflow 流入
inland 內地的，內陸的
inside 里面，內部
inlet 進口，人口
e)“im-”表示“向......內”、“向......上 ”“向......”。如：
imbed(=embed) 栽種（花等）：埋置：把......嵌入
inmigrate （從國外）移來；移居入境
immerge 浸入；專心，埋頭
impark把 （動物）圍在園內
immixture 混合；卷入
f)“ir”表示“進入”、“在內”。如：
irrigation 灌溉；水利
irruption 侵入，闖入
d. 在學習這些前綴時，必須注意以下點：
a)“un-”有時并不表示否定。如：
easy 容易的
uneasy 心神不安的：憂慮的：擔心的
canny 聰明的，精明的
uncanny 神秘的；怪模樣的
[注]“loose”、“loosen”和“unloose”、“unloosen”這四個詞的意思完全一樣，都指“松開”；“解開”；“解放”。
b) 一般來說，“un-”加在本族語詞匯前，而“in ”加在外來語詞匯前。但有時候“un-”加在形容詞詞前，而“in”則加在相對應的以拉丁語結尾的名詞前。如：
unable （不能的，無能的，無能為力的）--inability.
unjust （非正義的，不公正的）一injustice.
unequal （不平等的）--inequality.
c) 以“-ed”結尾的詞只跟“un-”，以“-ing”結尾的詞也跟“un-”。如：
undigested 未消化的：未充分理解的--
indigestible 無法消化的
uncompleted 為完成的
incomplete 不完全的；未完成的
undetermined 為確定的--
indeterminate 不完善的，無法決定的
irredeemable 不能贖回的，不能償還的
unceasing 不停的，不斷的
incessant 不停的，不斷的，連續的，頻繁的
undiscriminating 不加區別的，無鑒賞的--
indiscriminate 不加區別的，無選擇的。
d) “un-”和“non-”雖都是表示否定意義的前綴，但“un-”的否定語氣要比“non-”強。另在表示二者互相比較時，“non-”通常和“un-”的意思相反。如：
a non-scientific-book 一本與科學不相關的書（可能是小說或傳記）
an unscientific book 一本科學水平低的書。
e) 要特別注意接“dis-”和“un-”的一些詞的詞性與詞義。如：
unable adj.不能的，不會的；無能力的；無能為力的
disable vt.使無能為力；使傷殘
unlike a .不同的，不相似的/prep.不象，與......不同
dislike vt./n.不喜愛，厭惡
uncover vt.揭開......的蓋子；移......覆蓋物；使露出
discover vt.發現，看出
unclose vt.打開
disclose vt.揭開；揭發；透露，泄露
比較：
inclose vt.圍住；圈起；關閉住
[注]unarm和disarm的意思一樣，都表示“繳......的械”，“解除......的武裝”。
⒁ a. worn-out是復合形容詞在句中定語或表語。意為“使（某物）用的不能再用，用壞或耗盡；疲憊的”。wear (sth./sb. ) out 為動詞詞組，意為“穿壞；穿舊；用盡”。 如：
The little girl is playing with a worn-out toy.
那個小女孩在玩一個破舊的玩具。
Your suit is almost worn out.
你的西服已差不多穿舊了。
Cheap socks wear out quickly.
便宜襪子很快就會穿破。
I’m worn out by the hard work.
辛苦工作使我筋疲力盡。
This machine is worn out and will have to be replaced.
這臺機器老掉牙了，得換新的了。
I wore out two pairs of boots on the walking tour.
我徒步旅行穿壞了兩雙靴子。
Her patience was at last worn out.
她終于忍無可忍了。
Just listening to his silly chatter wears me out.
我聽著他無聊的話把我煩透了。
They were worn out after a long day spent working in the fields.
他們在地里干了一整天的活，累得疲憊不堪。
b. wear （sth./sb.）down 意為“（使某物）用薄，用壞或用舊；使（某人/物）衰弱”。如：
The tread on the tyres has been worn down to a dangerous level.
輪胎胎面花紋已經磨損得到了能發生危險的地步了。
She was worn down by overwork.
她因過度勞累而跨了下來。
The strategy was designed to wear down the enemy’s resistance.
這一策略旨在逐步削弱敵人的抵抗力。
c. wear (sth.) off意為“（使某物）逐漸消失或除去”。如：
The dishwasher has worn the glaze off the china.
這些瓷器經常用洗碗機清洗，光澤都消失了。
The novelty will soon wear off.
這種新奇的感覺很快就會消失。
The pain is slowly wearing off.
疼痛的感覺正在慢慢消退。
⒂ a. walking stick意為“拐杖”。-ing形式表示“供作……之用”（used for）的意思，這類作定語的-ing形式稱之為動名詞，動名詞作定語表示名詞的屬性或事物的用途。如：
drinking water 飲用水
reading material 閱讀材料
opening speech 開幕詞
listening aid 助聽器
a waiting room 候車/診室
a swimming pool 游泳池
a sleeping car 臥鋪車
teaching method 教學方法
freezing point 冰點
fighting post 戰斗崗位
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.
閱覽室里不準大聲說話。
There is a swimming pool in our school.
我們學校有一個游泳池
b. –ing形式表示“……的”意思，稱之為現在分詞。現在分詞作定語對被修飾詞進行限定或描繪，相當于一個定語從句。單個的現在分詞作定語則主要是表示被修飾詞正在做什么。如：
a walking child 走路的孩子
working people 勞動人民
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽
the falling leaf 正在飄落的樹葉
sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
developing countries 發展中國家
running water 自來水
c. 單個分詞作定語，分詞一般說來寫在被修飾的名詞、代詞之前；分詞短語作定語時，分詞放在被修飾詞之后。現在分詞作定語，主要說明"正在進行的動作"或是"一個在現在或過去某段時間內的經常化動作" 。另外，分詞作定語還有"being + 過去分詞"的形式。這種表達形式的意義是"分詞動作正在進行；但分詞動作與其所修飾的詞之間是動賓關系" 。如：
The man sitting in the corner is my brother.
坐在角落里的那個人是我兄弟。
The girl standing by her mother looked very timid.
站在她媽媽旁邊的那個女孩看上去很膽小。
The cloverleaf intersection being built is designed by a young man .
那座正在興建的立交橋是一位年輕人設計的。
The topics being discussed everywhere recently is concerned about the Olympics 2000 .最近到處在議論的話題都與兩千年奧運會有關。
Who is the comrade standing by the door?
站在門邊的同志是誰？
They lived in a house facing south.
他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
[注] –ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當于一個非限制性定語從句，常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌詞一般講當前的工作，大部分是他自己寫的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
當她出現的時候，約翰穿著一件又臟又破的大衣高興地跑了過去。
d. 如果被修飾的詞是由every/some/any/no +thing/body/one所構成的復合代詞或指示代詞those等時，即使一個單一的分詞作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞的后面。如：
Is there anything unsolved?
還有沒解決的問題嗎？
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
自從我離開這個城鎮以來，幾乎沒有什么變化。
There is nobody living in the old house.
老房子里沒人住。
⒃ a. failure既是可數名詞，又是不可數名詞。要通過語境，分析語義。此文中意為“失敗者、失敗的事例”是可數名詞。failure作“失敗”解時為不可數名詞。類似的抽象名詞還有：success, pleasure, honour, favour, surprise, help, pity, joy, delight, interest, fit, shame, etc.如：
Failure is the mother of success.
失敗是成功之母。
Success came after many failures.
寶劍鋒自磨礪出。
He was a failure as a teacher.
他不是一個好老師。
She was upset by her failure in the exam.
她因考試不及格而感到沮喪。
The project was a complete failure.
這個計劃徹底失敗了。
b. fail是failure的動詞形式，意為“失敗，不及格”。作不及物動詞時，常用搭配有fail in 表示“在某方面不成功，考試不及格”；fail to do表示“不能，沒有”。fail作及物動詞時意為“不能，忘記，沒有讓…通過考試;使失望,有負于等等。”如：
The student failed in the examination.
這個學生考試不及格。
I failed to understand it.
我無法理解它。
He never fails to write to his mother every week.
他每周都給母親寫信。
She has been failing in health.
她的健康越來越差。
He failed his driving-test.
他駕駛測試不合格。
The examiners failed half the candidates.
主考官評定半數應試者不及格。
Several banks failed during the depression.
有幾家銀行在不景氣時期倒閉了。
⒄ a. determination是名詞，意為“決心，決定；（對某事物的）確定，決心；（數量，質量等的）測定，計算。”如：
He is a leader with courage and determination.
他是一個果敢的領導。
His determination to marry her is now much stronger than ever.
他想和她結婚的決心現在比以前更加堅定。
She has the determination to overcome all the obstacles to success.
她有決心克服通往成功路上的一切障礙。
I appreciate her dogged determination to learn English.
我佩服她學英語的那種堅定不移的決心。
I’m not sure of the determination of the ship’s position.
我對船方位的測定不是很確定。
b. determine是動詞，意為“決定，判斷，測定；使決意；查明，確定。”如：
He determined that he would leave.
他決定離開。
His advice determined me to delay no more.
他的勸告使我決定不再拖延。
The policeman wanted to determine all the facts.
那個警察想要查清全部事實。
She determined to go that very afternoon.
她決定就在那天下午走。
We should determine the date in time.
我們要即使定好日子。
c. determine to do與be determined to do都意為“決心做。”但前者表動作，后者表狀態。determine on (doing) sth.意為“決定（做）某事。”如：
we are determined to get the work done before Friday.
我們決心在周五前完成這項工作。
We have determined to get the work done before Friday.
我們已決定在周五前完成這項工作。
We determined on an early start.
我們決定早出發。
⒅ a. overcome為動詞，其過去式及過去分詞分別為overcame, overcome。意為“戰勝，克服；（感情等）壓倒，使受不了。”如：
He’s trying to overcome his fear of flying.
他極力克服對飛行的恐懼。
He overcome a strong temptation to run away.
他抵制了要逃跑的強烈誘惑。
We shall overcome.
我們一定勝利。
The old woman was overcome by gas fumes.]
那老婦人被煤氣熏倒了。
He was overcome by anger.
他因為氣惱而不能自持。
We’ll overcome that difficulty when we get to it.
那種困難到時候我們自有辦法解決。
She was overcome with the emotion.
她激動得不能自持。
You must overcome your bad habits.
你必須克服你的壞習慣。
The fire was completely overcome by daybreak.
黎明時大火已被完全撲滅。
b. 動詞詞組come over (to…) (from…)意為“（通常為遠處）來到另一地”；come over sb.意為“（某種）感覺刺激或影響某人”；come over (to sth.)意為“改變立場或意見等”。如：
Why don’t you come over to England for a holiday.
你怎么不到英國來度假呢？
I will come over and see you after work.
下班后我來看你.
Her grandparents came over to America from Ireland during the famine.
她的祖父母是在饑荒時期從愛爾蘭來到美國的。
A fit of dizziness came over her.
她感到一陣頭暈目眩。
I can’t think what came over me.
我不知道我是怎么了。
She will never come over to our side.
她決不會站到我們這邊來。
⒆ a. imagine用作及物動詞，意為“想像”“設想”。如：
Imagine that you are in London.
想像一下你正在倫敦吧。
It is difficult to imagine their sufferings.
他們的苦難是難以想像的。
Can you imagine life without electricity?
你能想像出沒有電時的生活嗎？
Imagine a house with a big garden.
設想有一所帶大花園的房子。
She imagined walking into the office and telling everyone what she thought of them.
她想像自己走進辦公室，對每個人說出她對他們的看法。
b. imagine作及物動詞用，意為“料想”“設想”“想到”。如：
I can’t imagine living anywhere but England.
我很難設想到英國以外的地方去生活。
I couldn’t imagine his saying so.
我料想不到他會這樣說。
I can’t imagine that anyone one cares what I do.
我想不也誰會關心我的所作所為。
c. imagine用作及物動詞，意為“猜想”“認為”
I imagine she must be very tired after her journey
我想她旅行后一定很累。
I imagine that he’ll be there.
我想他會到那兒去。
I can’t imagine what you mean.
我猜不出你的意思。
I can’t imagine what she looks like.
我猜不出她是什么樣子。
[注] imagine 用作及物動詞時，其后的賓語可能是名詞、代詞、動名詞、賓語從句或復合賓語，但不能直接接不定式作賓語。
d. imagine與guess, suppose的區別：
imagine主要指“想像”“幻想”，側重指在腦海中形成一個清晰明確的印象，或認為
某事物可能發生或存在。Guess意為“猜測”“臆測”，是一個較通俗的詞，側重指未
知道前的猜測。而suppose意為“想像”“推測”，側重指假設或假定中的情形。如：
I like to imagine myself flying a plane.
我喜歡想像自己駕駛飛機。
Can you guess what my weight is?
你能猜出我的體重嗎？
You have guessed right.
你猜對了。
Let’s suppose that the news is right.
讓我們假定這消息是真的。
Can you guess his age?
你能猜出有的年齡嗎？
Let us suppose that we had not helped him, what would have happened?
假定我們當時沒有去幫助他，會發生什么事呢？
⒇ 過去分詞作定語
a. a boiled shoe意為“一只煮熟的鞋子”。此處boiled是過去分詞作定語。過去分詞作定語表示動作在謂語動作之前發生，已經完成并具有被動意義。有時也不表示時間性。作定語的過去分詞一般由及物動詞變來，因為只有及物動詞才有被動意義。如：
Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
預定的座位在哪里？
The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.
籌集的資金主要用來幫助那些無家可歸的人。
This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.
本書是用淺顯的英語寫的，適合初學者。
This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)
這是一個緊迫的問題。
He is a teacher loved by his students.
他是個很受學生愛戴的老師。
They decided to change the material used.
他們決定更換使用的材料。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
穿白色衣服的學生是我的女兒。
b. 單個過去分詞前加一名詞或副詞，常用連字符將它們連接起來構成一個復合形容詞，放其修飾的名詞前，作前置定語。分詞前加的名詞表示分詞的動作或行為主體，所加的副詞表示方式、時間、程度、性質等意義。如：
This is a state-owned factory.
這是一家國營工廠。
This is our school-run factory.
這是我們的校辦工廠。
The newly-built building is our office building.
這座新建的大樓是我們的辦公樓。
c. 有些不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，一般作前置定語，它不表示被動意義，只表示主動意義，強調動作完成。不能像及物動詞的過去分詞那樣放在名詞后面作定語。這類過去分詞常作前置修飾語。常用的這一類詞有：fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等。如：
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有許多落葉。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
這部電影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
This is the wounded soldier.
這就是那個受傷的戰士。
This is the soldier wounded in the battle.
這就是在戰場上受傷的戰士。
We needed much more qualified workers.
我們需要更多的合格的工人。
My friend is a returned student.
我的朋友是個歸國的留學生。
(21) facing Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films此處是現在分詞短語作后置定語修飾名詞the problem，相當于一個定語從句的作用。即the problem which faced Charlie Chaplin in one of his most famous films。現在分詞作定語表示“正在進行的動作”，現在分詞可以單獨作定語，也可以構成合成詞作定語，但在更多的情況下是分詞短語作定語，包括限定性和非限定性（用逗號與其他部分分開），在意義上相當于一個定語從句。現在分詞作定語通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義。如：
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
The man following was obviously in a hurry.
后面的人顯然很匆忙。
They acted just like a conquering army.
他們就象是一支侵略軍。
Do you know the man standing over there by the motorcar?
你認識那個站在摩托車旁邊的人嗎？
Last night, we caught a thief stealing John's bike.
昨晚有個小偷在偷約翰包的時候被我們當場抓住了。
（22）a. this此處為指示代詞。代替上文的he solved it by using nonverbal humour。表示“這個”、“那個”、“這些”、“那些”等指示概念的代詞叫做指示代詞。指示代詞有: this這個; that那個; these這些; those那些; it那個，這個; Such如此的，如此的事物; same同樣的，同樣的事物。指示代詞this，these，that，those在句中的用法相當于名詞和形容詞，可用作主語、表語、賓語和定語。如：
This is a plane.
這是一架飛機。(作主語)
Oh，it's not that.
噢，問題不在那兒。(作表語)
How do you like these?
你喜歡這些嗎?(作賓語)
This book is about Chinese traditional medicine.這是一本關于中醫的書。(作定語)
b. 指示代詞this，these，that， those的其它用法。
a) This (these)常用來指在時間或空間上較近的事物，that(those)則常用來指時間或空間上較遠的事物。如：
This is a sickle and that is an axe.
這是一把鐮刀，那是一把斧子。
These days are cold.
這些天很冷。
In those days the poor people had a hard time.
在那些日子里，窮人生活很苦。
b) 有時that和those指前面講到過的事物，this和these則指下面將要講到的事物。如：
I had a bad cold. That's why I didn't come.
我傷風很厲害，所以我沒有來。
Those two statements are not true.
那兩種說法是不真實的。
What I want to say is this：Pronunciation is very important in learning English.
我所要說的是：語音在英語學習中非常重要。
Chairman Mao honored Liu Hulan with these words：“A great life A glorious death”.毛主席用下面的話表彰劉胡蘭：“生的偉大，死的光榮。”
c) 有時為了避免重復提到過的名詞，常可用that或those代替。如：
The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing.
沈陽的氣候跟北京的一樣好。(that代替climate)
The county's grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.
這個縣1987年的糧食產量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)
Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those made in Shanghai.
南京出產的電視機和上海的一樣好。(those代替television sets)
d) This和that有時作狀語用，表示“程度”，意謂“這么”和“那么”。如：
The book is about this thick.
那本書大約有這么厚。
I don't want that much.
我不要那么多。
e) 指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分時只能指物，不能指人，如：
That is my teacher.
那是我的老師。（ that作主語，指人）
He is going to marry this girl.
他要和這個姑娘結婚。（this作限定詞）
I bought this.
我買這個。(this指物，可作賓語)
f) That和those可作定語從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時，在作先行詞時，只有those可指人，如：
He admired that which looked beautiful.
他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
He admired those who looked beautiful.
他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
He admired those who danced well.
他贊賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）
He admired those which looked beautiful.
他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）
c. it指人時亦用作指示代詞。指示代詞it在漢語中不必譯出。 如：
Who is it?
―it's me.
是誰?
-是我。
Oh, it's you，Lao Wang.
哦，是你呀，老王。
d. such和same也是指示代詞，其單、復數的形式相同。它們在句中可用作定語、主語、賓語、表語等成分。如：
The foreign Visitors said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外賓說他們從來沒有看過這樣美麗的城市。
We are not talking about the same thing.
我們談的不是一回事。
Such were his words.
這就是他講的話。(作主語)
The same can be said of the Other article.
另一篇文章也是同樣情況。(作主語)
Take from the drawer such as you need.
你需要什么，就從抽屜里拿吧。(作賓語)
His name and mine are the same.
他和我同名。(作表語)
（23）a. set為動詞，意為“設置（戲劇，小說等）的背景”。be set in 的意思為“以……為背景;（戲劇、影片）的背景是”。如：
The film was set in California in the middle of the nineteenth century.
這部影片是以十九世紀中葉加利福尼亞為背景的。
The novel is set in pre-war London.
這部小說以戰前的倫敦為背景。
The novel is set in Shanghai in the 1930’s.
這部小說以二十世紀三十年代的上海為背景。
The play is set in the early days of World War Two.
這個劇是以第二次世界大戰初期為背景的。
b. set about與set out都可表示“著手做某事”。但set about短語中因為about為介詞，所以一般后接名詞或動名詞，不接不定式；set out后一般接不定式，不接動名詞。set out/off還可表示“出發，動身”。其后一般接介詞for表目的地。如：
I don’t know how to set about this job.
我不知道怎樣著手這項工作。
I’ll set about preparing supper.
我去做晚飯。
She set about the business of cleaning the house.
她動手打掃起房子來。
We need to set about finding a solution.
我們得著手尋找一個解決辦法。
That winter we set out to write a history of the Party.
那年冬天，我們著手寫一部黨史。
She set out to break the world record.
她一心努力要打破世界記錄。
They succeeded in what they set out to do.
他們實現了既定的目標。
They set out on the last stage of their journey.
他們動身踏上最后一段行程。
Then he set out/off for Paris.
然后他動身去巴黎了。
c. set out還表示“安排，擺放，陳列”或“（有條理地）陳述、闡明”。如：
We’ll need to set out some chairs for the meeting.
我們需要為會議擺些桌子。
Her work is always very well set out.
她總是把工作安排得很有條理。
He set out his objections to the plan.
他陳述了他對這個計劃的反對意見。
She set out the reasons for her resignation in a long letter.
她寫了一封長信說明自己辭職的原因。
d. set的其他短語：
(24) a. in search of意為“搜尋，尋找”。此處的search為名詞。in (one’s) search for 和 in search of都意為“尋找”、“尋求”，在句中既可作狀語，也可作表語。注意兩個短語介詞的搭配，如果名詞search前帶有限定詞a，the或one’s后面一般用介詞for，如果search前不帶限定詞，后面一般用介詞of。如：
The husband joined the wife in her search for the unknown element.
丈夫和他妻子一起尋找那種未知元素。
Some birds fly south in search of winter sun.
鳥兒飛向南方去尋找冬日的暖陽。
They started at once in search of the missing child.
他們馬上開始尋找這個失蹤的孩子。
Scientists are in search of a cure for the disease.
科學家們想研究出治療這種疾病的方法。
We should go in search of a cheap hotel.
我們要去找個便宜的旅館。
b. search做動詞時意為“搜尋、搜查”。search的賓語一般是被搜查的人或某一場所，而不是所要尋找的東西。search for相當于look for。search for的賓語一般為要找的東西，而不是被搜查的人或場所。如：
We searched around for hours, but couldn’t find the book.
我們各處找了半天，卻找不到那本書。
The policeman searched the woods for escaped prisoners.
警察搜查樹林尋找逃犯。
The police searched her for drugs.
警察搜查她，看她身上是否有毒品。
I searched my memory, but couldn’t remember her name.
我想來想去也想不起她的名字。
I searched through the drawers for the missing papers.
我翻遍抽屜尋找遺失的文件。
The villagers are searching for the missing child.
村民們正在搜尋那個失蹤的孩子。
Mary searched the dictionary for the use of a word.
瑪麗在詞典中尋找一個單詞的用法。
They searched every room for the missing papers.
他們在每一個房間搜尋丟失的文件。
The policeman searched the thief to see what he had in his pockets.
那個警察對小偷搜身，看他口袋里有什么東西。
(25) a. panning for gold此處為動名詞做表語，意為“淘金”。pan此處為動詞, 意為“用淘盤淘”。動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。如：
Our work is serving the people．
們的工作是為人民服務。
His hobby is collecting stamps．
他的愛好是集郵。
Seeing is believing.
眼見為實。
My hobby is growing flowers.
我的業余愛好是種花.
What I thought most was going to France.
我考慮得最多的是去法國.
My favorite sport is playing table tennis.
我喜愛的運動是打乒乓球.
b. 動詞-ing 形式作表語通常表示主語所具有的特性, 稱之為現在分詞。現在分詞相當于形容詞。能夠用于表語的現在分詞常見的有：amusing 有趣的; astonishing 令人驚訝的; confusing 迷惑的; discouraging 令人喪氣的; disappointing 令人掃興的; couraging 令人鼓舞的; exciting 令人興奮的; interesting 有趣的; missing 不見的; moving 動人的; promising 大有希望的; shocking 令人震驚的; puzzling 莫名其妙的; surprising 令人奇怪的。如:
The colour is pleasing to the eyes.
這種顏色悅目。
The film is frightening.
這部電影很嚇人。
Traveling is interesting but tiring．
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。
The argument is very convincing．
他的論點很令人信服。
c. 分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區別是考試中經常考到的地方。一般來說，表示心理狀態的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”；過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式。凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對……感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...；若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有：
interesting使人感到高興 interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動的 excited感到激動的
delighting令人高興的 delighted感到高興的
disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費解的 puzzled感到費解的
satisfying令人滿意的 satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的 surprised感到驚異的