Word study
【常用單詞積累】
complete, base, protect, include, flow, ruin, beauty, portrait, represent, repair, at least, give in, give up, include, breath, limit, damage, ancient
【常用句子分析】
1. You can select five things that represent Chinese culture,…
2. Where there is a river, there is a city.
3. ... ,but it is true that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.
4. More than three hundred years ago, the Russian Gar Peter the Great came here and built a new capital-St Petersburg.
5. The Russian Gars ended their rule in this city during the Russian Revolution of 1917 ,but the palaces where they had lived were kept as museums.
6. Painters and workers had to be very careful when they were trying to bring the city back to life.
7. With the help of old paintings and photographs, the people of St Petersburg were able to bring back the beauty of their culture and history.
8. ... and the old palaces have been made as wonderful as in the past.
9. Strong, proud and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia.
10. We hope that it will make Beijing even more beautiful.
11. No, the pollution does not come from cars or factories, but from human beings.
12. I think one way to solve the problem is to put glass walls in front of the paintings.
13. Second, the number of visitors should be limited.
【單元口語交際】
1.What shall we put in?
2.Why not…?
3.Why don't you…?
【重點難點解析】
現在完成時的被動語態
【閱讀分析點撥】
完形填空題解題指導
【常用單詞積累】
1.complete
(1)用作動詞,意思是“完成,結束,使完滿”,通常用作及物動詞。
e.g.He completed his homework on time.
他按時完成了作業。
The plan is now completed.
計劃已完成。
(2)用作形容詞,意思是“十分的,完全的,完滿的”。
e.g.He is a complete stranger to me.
他是我素不相識的人。(我根本不認識他。)
We have got complete success in that experiment.
我們在那個試驗中獲得了完全的成功。
2.base
(1)用作動詞,意思是“把……基于”、“以……作根據”。
e.g.Scientific theories must be based on facts.
科學理論一定要以事實為根據。
I base my hopes upon the news we had yesterday.
我的希望是以我們昨天得到的消息為根據的。
(2)用作名詞,意思是“基礎,底,地基”,“基地,根據地”,通常用作可數名詞。
e.g.The vase falls over a lot because the base is too small.
這個花瓶常倒,因為底部太小。
The Red Army made Jinggangshan the base for the revolution.
紅軍把井岡山作為革命根據地。
3.protect
用作動詞,意思是“保衛,保護”,與defend同義,通常用作及物動詞。
e.g.It is our duty to protect our homeland.
保衛祖國是我們的職責。
The government should protect the children from losing school.
政府應該保護兒童不失學。
4.include
(1)用作動詞,意思是“包括,包含”,通常用作及物動詞。
e.g.The price includes house and furniture.
這個價格包括房子和里面的家具。
(2)including 用作介詞,意思是“包括,包含在內”。
e.g.Some of us have been to the Great Wall,including Wei Fang.
我們中有些人到過長城,包括魏芳在內。
(3)included 用作過去分詞,常用在名詞或代詞后面。
e.g.Everyone laughed,me included.
大家都笑了,包括我在內。
5.flow
(1)用作及物動詞,意思是“淹沒,溢過”。
e.g.The flood flowed the whole city.
洪水淹沒整個城市。
(2)用作不及物動詞,意思是“流動,流過”。
e.g.Time flows away.
光陰流逝。
The river flows into the sea.
這條河流入大海。
The river flows through the center of the city.
這條河流經市中心。
6.ruin
(1)用作動詞,意思是“毀壞,使毀滅”,常用作及物動詞。
e.g.The earthquake in 1976 mined the whole city of Tangshan.
一九七六年地震毀壞了整個唐山。
(2)用作不可數名詞,意思是“毀滅,崩潰”。
e.g.The accident brought him to ruin all his life.
這個事故毀滅了他一生。
(3)用作復數形式,意思是“廢墟,遺跡”。
e.g.The visitors were struck by the ruins of Rome.
參觀者被古羅馬的遺跡迷住了。
7.beauty
(1)用作可數名詞,意思是“美麗、美的東西”。
e.g.The young girl standing in the wind is really a beauty.
站在風中的那個女孩真是一個美人兒。
(2)用作不可數名詞,意思是“美,美麗”。
e.g.The younger of the two nobel men was struck by her beauty.
兩個貴族中年輕的那一個被她的美貌迷住了。
8.portrait
用作名詞,意思是“肖像,畫像”,通常用作可數名詞。
e.g.This is a portrait of me.
這是我的肖像。
辨析:portrait,picture,painting,drawing
①portrait“肖像”,“畫像”,尤其指面部的相片,也可指生動的人物描寫或刻畫。
②picture 指廣義的“圖畫,照片”。
③painting 指著色的“畫”。
④drawing 指“鋼筆或鉛筆線條畫,素描”。
9.represent
用作動詞,意思是“代替,代理,象征,描述”。通常用作及物動詞。
e.g.He represented China in the conference.
他代表中國參加這個會議。
The dove represents peace.
鴿子象征和平。
The picture represents the battle of Waterloo.
這幅畫描繪的是滑鐵盧戰役。
10.repair
(1)用作動詞,意思是“修理,修補,修繕”。
e.g.The man repaired the watch for me.
那個人為我修理手表。
Yesterday he repaired his house by himself.
昨天他親自修繕房子。
(2)用作名詞,意思是“修理,修補,修繕”,通常用作不可數名詞。
e.g.The ship is under repair.
輪船在修理中。
(3)用作復數形式,意思是“修理工作,修理工程”。
e.g.The shop is closed during the repairs.
商店內部整修,暫停營業。
11.at least
at least 的意思是“至少,起碼”,與 at most 意義相反。
e.g.He is at least twenty.
他至少二十歲。(他二十多歲了。)
He is at most twenty.
他至多二十歲。(他不到二十歲。)
注意:at least,at most 也可表示為 at the least,at the most,定冠詞 the 可以省去。
12.give up、give in
辨析:give up、give in
相同點:兩詞組在意思上都可表示“放棄,讓步”,都可用作不及物動詞。
e.g.He gave in (up) at last
他終于屈服了。
不同點:give up 意思是“放棄”,可用作及物動詞,后面接名詞或動詞的-ing 形式。
give in 意思是“屈服,投降”,只用作不及物動詞,不能帶賓語。
e.g.He gave up smoking.
他戒了煙。
He gave up this journey.
他放棄了這次旅行。
14.breath
(1)用作名詞,意思是“呼吸,氣息”。
e.g.He ran upstairs out of breath.
他上氣不接下氣跑上樓來了。
When he saw the 1ion,he held his breath.
當他看到獅子時,他不出聲。
(2)由 breath 構成的常見短語。
catch one's breath 屏息,喘息
hold one's breath 不出聲,屏息
short of breath 呼吸短促
lose one's breath 喘不過氣來
out of breath 上氣不接下氣
15.1imit
(1)用作名詞,意思是“界限,限度”。
e.g.There is a limit to what I can do for you.
我能為你所做的事是有限的。
(2)用作動詞,意思是“限制、限定”。
e.g.Your family is not very rich,so you ought to limit spending.
你家并不富有,因此你應限制開銷。
16.damage
(1)用作名詞,意思是“損害、損毀”。
e.g.What he did caused damage to the public.
他做的一切對大眾帶來損害。
(2)用作動詞,意思是“損壞、毀壞”。
e.g.The big earthquake damaged the whole city.
大地震毀壞了整個城市。
17.ancient
(1)用作形容詞,意思是“古老的、古代的”。
(2)用作名詞,意思是“古人、古代的人”。
【常用句子分析】
1.You can select five things that represent Chinese culture,...
你能選擇能代表中國文化的五件事情。
句中 that represent Chinese culture 中的 that 引導的是一個定語從句,修飾 five things,從句中的謂語動詞用復數形式,在定語從句中,關系代詞 that,which,who 作主語,從句中謂語的數必須和先行詞保持一致。
e.g.This is the boy who does well in maths.
這就是那個數學學得好的男孩。
He is the only one of the pupils in our class who has passed the exam.
他是我班惟一考試過關的學生。
(先行詞是 the only one,而且是單數形式,從句謂語用單數)
He is one of the pupils in our class who have passed the exam.
他是我們班上考試過關的學生中的一個。
(先行詞是 the pupils,而且是復數形式,從句謂語用復數)
2.Where there is a river,there is a city.
哪里有河流,哪里就有城市。
(1)where 是連接副詞,引導地點狀語從句,意思是“在……地方”,“到……地方”,“……的地方”。
e.g.Go back where you sat.
回到你原來坐的地方去。
I found my books where I had left them.
我的書是在我原來放的地方找到的。
Where there is a sound,there must be sound waves.
哪里有聲音,哪里就有聲波。
(2)where 既可作連接副詞,引導狀語從句,也可作關系副詞,引導定語從句。
e.g.It is very difficult to live where there is no water.
在沒有水的地方生活是十分困難的。(地點狀語從句)
No one likes to live in a place where there is no water.
沒有一個人喜歡住在無水的地方。(定語從句)
3....,but it is true that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.
世界上很多大城市建在河岸上,這是真的。
(1)that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river是一個主語從句。
在英語中 that 引導的主語從句放在句首,句子常常顯得頭重腳輕。因此,常用 it作形式主語,放在句首代替主語從句,而把真正的主語從句放在句尾。
e.g.It is quite certain that I have never seen him before.
無疑地以前我從來沒有見過他。
It is obvious that the driver couldn't control his car.
很明顯,這個駕駛員控制不住他的車。
主語從句用 it 作形式主語的情況很多,有些已經形成一種固定的說法和譯法。常見的有:
It is a fact that... 事實是……
It is a good thing that... ……是好事情
It is good news that... ……是好消息
It is clear that... 很清楚……
It is necessary that... 有必要……
It is important that... 重要的是……
It is well-known that... 眾所周知……
It is said that... 據說……
It seems that... 似乎是……
It happened that... 碰巧……
It have been proved that... 業已證明……
(2)on 可以表示“在……河畔”的意思。
e.g.Wuhan lies on the Changjiang River.
武漢位于長江之畔。
4.More than three hundred years ago,the Russian Gar Peter the Great came here and built a new capital-St Petersburg.
三百多年前,俄國沙皇彼得大帝來到這里建立一所新都--圣彼得堡。
(1)more than 意思是“超過”,相當于 over。
e.g.There are more than sixty students in our class.
我班有六十多名學生。
(2)more than 還可表示“不僅是”的含義,相當于 not only。
e.g.Hibernation is more than sleep.
冬眠不僅僅是睡覺。
(3)ago 意思是“……的以前”,通常表示過去時間。
e.g.This story happened long long ago.
這個故事發生在很久以前。
5.The Russian Gars ended their rule in this city during the Russian Revolution of 1917,but the palaces where they had lived were kept as museums.
俄國沙皇在一九一七年俄國大革命中結束了它在這座城市的統治,但是他們曾經住過的宮殿作為博物館被保存下來。
(1)where they had lived 是 where 引導的一個定語從句,修飾 the palaces,從句中的謂語動詞 had lived 發生在主句的謂語動詞 were kept 之前,因此從句中的謂語動詞用過去完成時。
e.g.This is the student who I taught ten years ago.
這是我十年前教過的學生。
(2)be kept as...意思是“作為……被保存下來”。as 是介詞,意思是“作為”。
e.g.The temple is kept as a museum.
這座寺廟作為博物館被保存下來。
Lincoln is considered as one of the greatest presidents in the United States.
在美國,林肯被看做是最偉大的總統之一。
辨析:end,finish
①end 終止,完結,與 begin 相反。
②finish 完成,結束,與 complete 同義。
e.g.The film ended at last.
電影終于結束。
He finished his homework yesterday.
他昨天完成了作業。
6.Painters and workers had to be very careful when they were trying to bring the city back to life.
當畫家和工人們盡力恢復這座城市的生機時,他們不得不十分細心。
(1)bring...back to life“使……恢復生機”。
e.g.The trees and flowers bring the city back to life.
樹木和鮮花使這座城市恢復了生機。
(2)在英語中,動詞 try,love,like,prefer,hate 等,通常后面跟動詞-ing 的形式,常常表示習慣性或經常性的動作,而跟動詞不定式,則常常表示一次具體動作。
e.g.He likes dancing,but he doesn't like to dance today.
他喜歡跳舞,但他今天不喜歡去跳舞。
7.With the help of old paintings and photographs,the people of St Petersburg were able to bring back the beauty of their culture and history.
在古老的油畫和照片的幫助下,圣彼得堡的人民能讓他們的文化和歷史回到原貌。
(1)with the help of 意思是“在……的幫助下”。
e.g.With the help of the government,the girl can continue her education.
在政府的幫助下,這個女孩能繼續她的教育。
With the help of the teacher,he made great progress in physics.
在老師的幫助下,他的物理取得了很大的進步。
(2)bring back 意思是“帶回來、拿回來、使恢復”,通常用作及物動詞。
e.g.Remember to bring back the book next time.
記住下次把書帶回來。
This medicine can bring him back to health.
這藥能讓他恢復健康。
辨析:can,be able to
這兩個詞都表示“能、會”的意思,它們的用法有所不同。
①can 只有現在時和過去時,而 be able to 有各種時態。
e.g.He will be able to help you.
他將會幫助你的。
②表示特定的某一過去能力通常用 was(were)able to,含有“經過努力做到”的意思。
e.g.Marx mastered English so well that he was able to write his works“The Civil War in France”in English.
馬克思如此精通英語,以致他能用英文寫他的著作--《法蘭西內戰》。
8....and the old palaces have been made as wonderful as in the past……而且這些宮殿已經建得和過去一樣富麗堂皇。
(1)as...as表示“同……一樣”,表示雙方在程度、性質、特征等某些方面相等,用“as+形容詞或副詞原級+as”的結構;表示不相等時,用“not as(so)+形容詞或副詞原級+as”的結構;表示一方是另一方的若干倍時,用“倍數+as+形容詞或副詞原級+as”結構。
e.g.He is as tall as you.
他和你一樣高。
This building looks not as(so)high as that one.
這座樓房看起來沒有那座高。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
(2)as wonderful as in the past 作 the old palaces 的補足語。
e.g.He was elected monitor of our class.
他被推選為我班班長。
monitor of our class 作主語 He 的補足語。
9.Strong,proud and united,the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia.
強壯、自豪而團結的圣彼得堡人民是俄國現代英雄。句中 strong,proud and united是形容詞,在句中作狀語,表示伴隨情況。
(1)在英語中,形容詞或形容詞短語,在句中可用作狀語。
e.g.Full of anger again,Crusoe returned home.
克魯索又滿心怒氣地回家了。(伴隨狀語)
Thirsty and eager to get a rest,he went into the tea-house and sat down at a little table by the window.
由于有些口渴,又想休息一下,他就走進茶館,在靠窗子的一張小桌旁坐下。(原因狀語)
(2)形容詞短語用作狀語,可以放在句末,也可放在句首。
e.g.Crusoe watched,full of fear.
克魯索看著,滿心恐懼。
The manager went to us,full of apologies.
經理朝我們走來,口口聲聲地說著抱歉的話。
10.We hope that it will make Beijing even more beautiful.
我們相信這項修繕工程將使北京更加美麗。
(1)在形容詞或副詞的比較級前加 even 可用來表示程度。
e.g.He works even harder than before.
他比以前更刻苦地學習。
The boy is even cleverer than his sister.
那個男孩比他妹妹更聰明。
(2)hope 意思是“希望”,后面不能直接跟名詞作賓語,但可跟 for+名詞,表示可實現的“希望”,后面也可跟 that 引導的從句。
e.g.I hope for success.
我希望成功。
I hope that you will be better soon.
我希望你能很快好起來。
11.No,the pollution does not come from cars or factories,but from human beings.
不,污染不是來自汽車或工廠,而是來自人類。
(1)not...but...,意思是“不是……,而是……”,并列連詞,連接兩個相同成分。
e.g.He doesn't like English but Chinese.
他不喜歡英語,而喜歡漢語。
Not you but he is going to go abroad.
不是你而是他將出國。
(2)human being
human being 是一個可數名詞,意思是“人、人類”。
12.I think one way to solve the problem is to put glass walls in front of the paintings.
我認為解決這個問題的一個辦法是把玻璃放在畫的前面。
(1)句中 to solve the problem 這個動詞不定式短語作 way 的定語,動詞不定式作定語,通常放在所修飾的詞后面。
e.g.I have few words to say on this questions.
關于這個問題我有幾句話要說。
(2)句中 to put glass walls in front of the paintings 這個動詞不定式短語在句中作表語。
e.g.His wish is to become a scientist.
他的愿望是成為一名科學家。
13.Second,the number of visitors should be limited.
其次,參觀的人數也應限制。
the number of 表示“……的數目”的意思,后面常接可數名詞,作主語時謂語動詞用單數。
e.g.The number of our school is 3080.
我校的人數是3080。
The number of countries in Asia is over 40.
亞洲的國家是四十多個。
【單元口語交際】
1.What shall we put in?
我們能放進什么呢?
shall 用在疑問句中,用來征求對方的意見或請求,用于第一,第三人稱。
e.g.What shall we do next?
下一步我們該怎么辦?
Shall he go there instead of you?
由他代替你去那里,行嗎?
2.Why not...?
為什么不……?
Why not...?通常用來詢問對方“為什么不做什么”,通常后面接動詞原形,表示說話人希望對方做什么。
e.g.Why not join us?
為什么不和我們在一起呢? (表示說話人希望對方和我們在一起)
Why not go to see the film?
為什么不去看電影呢? (表示說話人希望對方去看電影)
3.Why don't you...?
你為什么不……?
Why don't you...? 與 why not...? 用法大體一樣,也是表示說話人希望對方做什么。
e.g.Why don't you go abroad?
你為什么不出國呢? (表示說話人希望對方出國)
【重點難點解析】
現在完成時的被動語態
現在完成時被動語態構成:have(has)+been+過去分詞。
在英語中,主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者,被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者,只有及物動詞才能有被動語態。現在完成時由 have(has)+過去分詞構成(主動式),而被動式由 have(has)+been+過去分詞構成。
e.g.The teacher has praised me.(主動語態)
→I have been praised.(被動語態)
The teacher has praised him.(主動語態)
→He has been praised.
The teacher has praised you.(主動語態)
→You have been praised.(被動語態)
【閱讀分析點撥】
完形填空題解題指導
完形填空不僅能比較準確地測試學生的各項知識水平,而且能提高學生運用英語的綜合能力。除了學生具有一定的閱讀能力和邏輯推理能力外,還必須掌握相當數量的詞匯、短語以及適當的語法知識,同時要求學生也要有一定的語言實際運用能力。
完形填空不只在語法知識上考查學生,而且側重于考查學生對語境和語意的正確理解和運用。
因此,學生在做完形填空這種題時,應掌握以下技巧。
1.弄懂文章的第一句。
一篇完形填空題往往是在第一句不設“空”的,是一個完整的句子。一般來說,論述文的第一句往往是文章的中心句。記敘文往往在第一句中交待了人物,時間,地點等要素。了解這些對弄懂全文尤其重要,因此,讀第一句,一定要認真、仔細。
2.通讀全文。
一定要先把整篇文章通讀一篇,跳過所有的“空”,把文章的意思串連起來,因為完形填空不是就某一個句子進行考查,而是一篇短文,所以通讀對做完形填空是一個重要環節。
3.不能忽視過渡詞。
有部分連詞、副詞、代詞,由于他們在文中起過渡作用,盡管都是些微不足道的“小詞”,但由于具有銜接功能,并能清楚地標明句與句之間的語義關系,所以閱讀時要格外注意。
4.弄清文章的基本線索。
文章總是遵循一定線索發展的,常見的有依據時間順序為線索,也有依地點變遷為線索的。閱讀中,弄清文章的基本線索有助于對文章的理解。
5.仔細檢查。
做完此題后,一定要把全文再讀一遍,就可以彌補疏漏,同時也要驗證一下所填的答案正確與否,全文是否貫通流暢。
下面以一份完形填空題為例,來說明解題技巧。
Mrs.White had a 1 cat,and it was the cat's first 2 .One morning it was outside when it began to 3 heavily.Mrs White looked everywhere and shouted its name,but she did not 4 it,so she telephoned the policeman and said:“I 5 a small black cat.Has anyone found one?”
“No,madam,”said the policeman at the other end,“but cats are really very strong animals.They sometimes live for days in the snow,and when it melts or somebody finds them,they are quite a 6 .”
Mrs.White felt happier when she heard this,“And”,she said,“our cat is very clever.she almost 7 ”
The policeman was getting tired,“well,then,”he said,“why don't gou put your telephone 8 ? Perhaps she is trying to telephone you now.”
1.A.old B.young C.big D.white
2.A.spring B.summer C.autumn D.winter
3.A.snow B.snowed C.rain D.rained
4.A.lose B.catch C.find D.look for
5.A.am losing B.lose C.have lost D.will lose
6.A.a11 right B.good C.better D.ill
7.A.says B.tells C.laughs D.talks
8.A.up B.down C.on D.in
盡管這篇文章難度不大,但學生如果不注意答題要求和技巧,則會遇到很多困難。空(1)除 A 在語法上說不通外,B,C,D 中究竟該選擇小貓,大貓,還是白貓呢? 誰也說不清。空(2)中四個選項春夏秋冬似乎都行。空(3)中到底該填下雨還是下雪呢,令人莫衷一是。只有首先通讀全文,并了解文章大意后,上述問題才能很容易解決。下大雪與冬天是有邏輯關系的。過第一個冬天的貓不可能是大貓,下文讀到黑貓也不可能變成白貓。把上述問題弄清楚以后,文中的問題基本解決。故事發展的線索就比較清楚了。作為學生或應試人,下一步就應該注意的是上下文的連貫性以及起到起承轉合作用的過渡詞。其中還包括部分指示代詞,應弄清他們在文中指代何人何物。空(4)是個動詞填空題,but 使句子出現了一個較長的轉折,形成了looked...but did not find...的結構。空(5)是時態填空題,應瞻前顧后,其隨后一句的時態也許能對學生或應試人有所啟發。空(6)中的 A 與 D 語法上都是對的,初一看,D 的可能性更大。從雪地中溶化出來的貓想必是一付病入膏肓的樣子。然而這段文章的關鍵單詞 but 與后面 strong 正好揭示了警察的幽默。照此推理,空(6)的答案自然是 A 了。空(7),(8)是近義詞選擇,只要了解文章大意,僅用語法知識便可以順利解題。
綜合上述,做完形填空時,必須做到:通讀全文,弄清線索,瞻前顧后,仔細擇詞。
注:例文參考答案:
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.B