1.sport與game用法比較
1)sport可指各種運動或戶外消遣,可以是娛樂性的,也可以是競賽性的體育活動。sport特指某種運動項目時,一般用作可數名詞;它還指運動會,常用復數形式 sports(=sports meet)。如:
①Our headmaster is fond of sport, not music.
我們校長喜歡體育,不喜歡音樂。
②Fishing and hunting are his favorite sports.
釣魚和打獵是他特別喜愛的運動。
③The school sports meet will take place next week. 學校運動會將在下周舉行。
2)比較:game(游戲、運動、比賽)。可以是戶內或戶外的,也可以是腦力或體力的,通常有一定規則,凡參加者都必須遵守。指球賽時,美國英語用game,英國英語用match。指大型的國際體育運動會、比賽,用game.
如:
①Football is a game which makes me excited.
足球是一項讓我激動的運動。
②Let's play a game of chess! 咱們下盤棋吧。
③The Olympic Games are held every four years. 每四年舉行一次奧運會。
2.excite一詞的用法
1)excite作及物動詞,意為“使激動”,“使興奮”,在主動結構中以事物作主語;在被動結構中以人作主語。如:
①The result of the experiment excited me. 實驗的結果令我激動。
②Everybody was excited by the news of the victory.
人人為此勝利的消息而興奮。
2)exciting與excited都可作形容詞用,在句中作定語或表語,但兩者用法不同。exciting意思是“令人激動的”,常用來修飾事物;excited 意思是“對……感到激動的”,常用來修飾人或人的表情、聲音等。如:
①Why were they so excited?
他們為什么如此激動?
②The excited children were opening their Christmas gifts.
激動的孩子們打開圣誕禮物。
③The trip was very pleasant and exciting.
這次旅行使人感到又愉快又激動。 ④We just watched an exciting football match.
我們剛看了一場激動人心的足球賽。
⑤He gave an excited shout. 他發出了激動的叫喊。
注:在上例中,修飾shout的形容詞不是exciting而是excited,表示“喊聲”是由于人的激動而發出的。
3)excitement是名詞,作“興奮、激動”解時,是不可數名詞;作“使人興奮的事物”時,是可數名詞。
3.join, join in, take part in 和 attend 的用法比較
這幾個詞或短語都有“參加”的意思,但用法不同。
1)join有兩個用法:
(1)指加入某個黨派,團體組織等,成為其成員之一,意為:“參軍、入團、入黨”等。如:
①When did your brother join the army? 你哥哥什么時候參軍的?
②She joined the Young Pioneers. 她加入了少先隊。
(2)和某人一道做某事,其結構為:join sb. in (doing) sth.,根據上下文,in (doing) sth. 也可以省去。如:
①Will you join us in the discussion? 你參加我們的討論嗎?
②He'll join us in singing the song. 他將和我們一道唱歌。
③We're going to the East Lake Park on Sunday. Will you join us?
我們打算星期天去東湖公園。你跟我們一道去好嗎?
2)join in多指參加小規模的活動如“球賽、游戲”等,常用于日常口語。
如:
①Come along, and join in the ball game. 快,來參加球賽。
②Why didn't you join in the talk last night? 昨晚你為什么沒參加座談?
3)take part in 指參加會議或群眾性活動等,著重說明句子主語參加該項活動并在活動中發揮作用。如:
①We'll take part in social practice during the summer vacation.
暑假期間我們將參加社會實踐。
②We often take part in physical labour. 我們經常參加體力勞動。
【注意】take part in是慣用詞組,part前一般不用冠詞,但part前有形容詞修飾時,要用不定冠詞。如:
①Lincoln took an active part in polities and was strongly against slavery.
林肯積極參加政治活動,強烈反對奴隸制。
4)attend是正式用語,及物動詞,指參加會議,婚禮,葬禮,典禮;去上課,上學,聽報告等。句子的主語只是去聽,去看,自己不一定起積極作用。
如:
①He'll attend an important meeting tomorrow.
他明天要參加一個重要的會議。
②I attended his lecture. 我聽了他的講課。
4.farther與further的區別
1)表示“較遠”、“更遠”時,兩者可以通用。如: ①We can't go any farther (further) with a rest. 我們不休息無法向前走了。
②They went farther (further) into the forest。他們走向森林深處。
2)further還表示“更多的”,“另外的”;“進一步”,“深一層”;“而且,此外”等含義,而farther沒有此義。如:
①We must get further information. 我們必須獲得更多的信息。
②We need go further into the matter. 我們必須進一步調查此事。
③The Museum will be closed until further notice.
該博物館將關閉,開放時將另行通知。
5.win與beat的用法區別
win與beat的區別:win后接戰爭、比賽、獎品等名詞作賓語,不能接競爭對手作賓語;而beat后常接競爭對手,意為“打敗”、“擊敗”。試比較:
win a race/a battle/ a prize/a medal/success/friendship
贏得賽跑/戰役/獎品/獎章/成功/友誼。
beat the competitor/the team/the country打敗對手/隊/國家
6.time作“時代”解時的用法
time作“時代”解時,常用復數形式(times)。如:
①In ancient times, man lived on wild plants and wild beasts.
在古代,人類靠野果和野獸為生。
②Times have changed, and we shouldn't fall behind.
時代變了,我們不應落后于時代。
③She didn't understand the spirit of the times. 她不理解那個時代的精神。
【注意】 time作“時代”解時,也可用單數形式,如:
①He lived in Queen Victoria's time. 他生活在維多利亞女王時代。
7.happen 的兩種含義
happen可作“發生”解,常指意外地、偶然地發生某一件事。它的另一含義是“碰巧”。如:
①What time did the accident happen? 事故是什么時間發生的?
②If anything happens to him, let me know. 如果他發生什么事,請通知我。
③I happened to meet him in the street yesterday. 我昨天碰巧在街上遇見他。
④It so happened that I had no money with me. 碰巧我身上沒帶錢。
8.every和表示數量的詞連用。
1)every可與表示數量的詞連用,表示時間或空間的間隔。如:
①Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games. 每四年,來自世界各地的運動員參加奧林匹克運動會。
②I usually go to my uncle's every three days (=every third day).
我通常每三天(每隔兩天)去我叔叔家一次。
③There's a bus stop every two miles. 每兩英里有個車站。
④They looked up and gave a smile to each other every few minutes.
每隔幾分鐘他們抬起頭相互笑笑。
【注意】every后可接 few,但不能接 a few,因 every一詞已包含了a之意,如句④,另外every后也不能接some,several,many等詞。every后接序數詞時,則修飾單數可數名詞,如句②
2)every 可與other + 單數可數名詞連用,表示“每隔一……”。如:
①Please write on every other line (third line).
請隔行寫。(請隔兩行寫一行。)
②They planted a tree every other metre along the road.
他們在馬路邊每隔一米栽一棵樹。
③The doctor comes to see my mother every other day.
醫生每隔一天來看我媽媽一次。
重要詞組短語
1.prefer…to…的含義
1)prefer A to B 意思上接近于like A better than B,表示“喜歡……要勝過喜歡……”。在這一結構中,to為介詞,prefer和to后面可接名詞或動詞-
ing形式。
①I prefer science to languages. 我喜歡理科而不太喜歡文科。
②He prefers beer to coffee. 啤酒與咖啡相比,他更喜歡啤酒。
③He said he preferred the country life to the city life.
他說城市和農村相比,他更喜歡農村。 ④Even on holidays, he preferred doing something to doing nothing. 即使在假日里,他也寧愿干點什么事,而不愿閑待著。
2)prefer 不接介詞 to短語而單獨使用時,相當于 like…very much。這時 prefer后面可接名同,代詞,不定式,動詞-ing形式等。例如:
①Southerners prefer rice while northerners prefer food made from flour. 南方人比較愛吃米飯,北方人比較愛吃面食。
②Which would you prefer, tea or coffee?
茶和咖啡,你較喜歡哪一種?
③She preferred to work and live with the common people.
她喜歡工作生活在普通人中間。
④So you prefer staying with your children on holidays?
這么說,你在假日中寧愿與孩子們在一起了?
【注意】prefer在構成其-ed及-ing形式時,要雙寫詞尾字母 r,即:preferred,preferring
3)prefer還可與 rather than連用,這時 prefer和 rather than后面一般接不定式,而不接動詞-ing形式,rather than后面的不定式符號 to可有可無。
如:
①She preferred to go with us rather than stay behind.
她寧愿和我們一道去,而不愿留下。
②He preferred to write to her rather than telephone her.
他寧愿寫信給她,而不愿打電話給她。
2.由read構成的短語
1)read out sth. =read sth. loud for others to hear,意為“讀出”、“宣布”。
①Your teacher will read out eight sentences. Which picture is she talking about?
你的老師將讀出8個句子,她分別讀的是有關哪幅畫的呢?
②Here's a letter from Tom. Shall I read it out?
這兒有一封湯姆的來信,我要不要讀出來。
③The headmaster read out the names of the winners and the contest results of each class. 校長公布了獲勝者姓名以及各班競賽結果。
2)read sth. to sb./ read sb. sth. =read loud for sb. to hear.
表示“讀給某人聽”。
①Here's a report about our school. Let me read it to you.
這兒有一篇有關我們學校的報道,我來讀給你聽。
②The teacher read a poem to the class. 老師給全班同學讀了首詩。
③She read the children a story. 她給孩子們讀了篇故事。
④Children like to be read to. 孩子們喜歡讀給他們聽。
【注意】read to sb. 是“讀給某人聽”的意思,read for sb. 是“替某人讀”的意思。
3)read sth. to oneself = read sth. in silence. 意思是“默讀”
①Read it to yourself. I'm not interested in it.
不要讀出聲來,我對此不感興趣。
4)read between the lines = to find a meaning that is not expressed. 表示“體會字里行間的言外之意”。
①If you read between the lines, this letter is really a request for money.
你如果體會一下言外之意,這封信實際上是要錢。
5)read可用作不及物動詞,指文字的流暢或通順情況。
①The sentence doesn't read well. 這個句子不通順。
②Her letters always read well. 她的信讀起來很好。
③The full text reads as follows, …全文如下:…
6)read 可用來表示“理解”、“解釋”,如:
①Don't read my silence as consent. 別把我的沉默當作同意。
②How do you read this passage? 這一段話你怎么解釋?
3.after that和since then的用法區別
after that表示在過去某一件事以后,但情況或動作并不延續到說話
時,所以句中的謂語動詞仍要用一般過去時。since then表示從過去某一
點時間延續至說話時,強調到目前為止一直進行的動作或保持的狀態。
因此句中謂語動詞一般用現在完成時或現在完成進行時。試比較:
①After that he never passed any exam.
從那以后他任何一門考試都從未及格過。
②After that they took more attention to what I said and did.
從那以后他們對我的一言一行更加關注了。
③I have been studying hard since then.
從那以來我一直努力學習。
④He has written more than 20 books since then.
從那時候以來他寫了二十多本書。
⑤It's over three years since then. 從那以來已有三年多了。
(句中常用 It's代替 It has been. )
【注意】that指過去某一件事,then指過去某一點時間。
4.介詞for短語代表一個不定式
介詞for短語常被用來代表一個動作。表示目的、用途、方向等。表示目的時,后面一般接名詞,在作用上相當于一相表示目的的動詞不定式。例如:
①In 1992 over 8000 competitors from more than 150 countries went to Barcelona for the 25th Summer Olympics. 1992年,來自150多個國家的八千多運動員去巴塞羅那參加第25屆夏季奧林匹克運動會。(= to take part in)
②The place to which she took us was just right for a picnic.
她帶我們去在那個地方正適合野餐。
③We are travelling back to England soon for a holiday.
我們不久要回英格蘭度假了。(for = to have)
④I'll go back to my room for my pen.
我要回宿舍去拿鋼筆。(for = to get)
⑤He had to go out for food.
他不得不出去尋找食物。(for = to find)
⑥Let's go in for some tea.
我們進去喝些茶吧。(for = to have)
⑦Shall we go for a walk?
我們出去散散步好嗎?(for = and take)
5.hand 構成的動詞短語
學習下面例句,注意hand構成的動詞短語的含義:
①Please hand in your papers at the end of the exam.
請在考試結束時將試卷交上來。
②Hand out the pencils to everyone in the class.
把這些鉛筆分發給班上的每位同學。
③The thief was handed over to the police. 小偷被提交給了警方。
④Please hand on the magazine to your friends. 請把這本雜志傳給你的朋友們。
⑤Then he handed the cup around the class of students.
他把杯子遞給學生,在全班傳了一圈。
⑥This ring has been handed down in my family for generations.
這枚戒指在我的家族中傳了好幾代了。
常用句型結構
1.Many of the sports were the same as they are now.
1)the same as…中,same是代詞,the same + 名詞 + as…中,same是形容詞。
在上述句型中,as是關系代詞,引導定語從句,as在從句中可充當主語、賓語或表語。如:
①The house is just the same as it used to be. 這座房子還跟過去一樣。(as在定語從句中作表語)
②We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. (as在從句中作動詞賓語)我們正面臨著幾年前同樣的問題。
③We drove out of the town by the same road as we had entered by. (as在從句中作介詞賓語)
我們驅車出城時,與進城時是同一條路。
【注意】在這種句型中,為避免重復,as從句中常省略和前面相同的部分。
2)the same…that…表示……和……一樣,指同一人或物。如:
①She lives in the same room that her mother lived.
她住在她母親住過的同一間屋里。
2.After that more and more countries joined in the games.
形容詞/副詞“雙重比較”的結構,表示持續不斷的變化,意思是“越來越……”:
1)adj. /adv. + -er and adj. /adv. + -er(單音節及部分雙音節的形容詞/副詞雙重比較)例如:
①She is getting thinner and thinner. 她變得越來越瘦了。
②He runs faster and faster. 他跑得越來越快了。
2)more and more + adj. /adv. (多音節及部分雙音節的形容詞/副詞雙重比較)例如:
①Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.
我們的家鄉變得越來越美麗了。
②We are going more and more slowly. 我們越走越慢了