Attributive Clause
Ⅰ Definition.
在名詞性從句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，從句放在所修飾詞（即先行詞）之后由關系副詞或關系代詞引導。
e.g.: The story that you read is The Rescue.你讀的故事叫《營救》。
She is the girl who got the first prize.她就是那個得了第一名的女孩。
Ⅱ Relatives.
1. Relative Pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose
Referring to Function
who people subject/object
whom people object
that people/things subject/object
which things subject/object
whose people/things attribute
(1) 當先行詞指人時使用who和whom,若在句中作主語用who; 如果作賓語用whom,但在口語中,常用who代替whom,也可省略。
e.g. The foreigner who/that visited our school yesterday is from Canada.(作主語)
The boy who/that broke the window is called Jack. (作主語)
The girl who/whom/that/× we met yesterday is Li Fei’s sister. (作賓語)
He is the man whom/that/who/× I visited last week. (作賓語)
(2) that先行詞即可指人又可指物，在從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時可以省略。
e.g. He has just moved into the house that/which was built last year. (作主語)
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. (作賓語)
Let’s ask the man that/who is reading the book over there. (作主語)
The girl (that/whom/×) we saw yesterday is Jim’s sister. (作賓語)
(3) 當先行詞指物時用which，在從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時可以省略。
e.g. They planted the trees which don’t need much water. (作主語)
The books (which/that) we bought were not interesting. (作賓語)
(4) whose引導定語從句，先行詞可是人也可是物，在從句中作定語。
e.g. Miss Smith is the teacher whose house caught fire last week. (作定語)
Harry is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. (作定語)
◆“whose +名詞中心詞”這一結構在定語從句中既能作主語，又能作賓語。whose 的先行詞常用來指人，但有時也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念，這時可以與of which 結構互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)
★ 當關系代詞缺少先行詞時，需用the one來補充
e.g. Is the museum the one (that) you visited?
(5) 介詞和關系代詞引導的定語從句。
○1 關系代詞whom, which在從句中作介詞賓語時，可以和介詞一起放在先行詞和從句之間。為了使關系代詞緊跟它所修飾的詞，也可以把介詞放在從句中有關動詞的后面。
e.g. The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner.(whom不能省略，不能用who代替)
→The athlete whom/that/× you talked to is a famous runner.
Mr. White is the professor to whom you should write. (whom不能省略，不能用who代替)
This is the pen with which I wrote the letter. (which不能省略，不能用that代替)
→This is the pen that/which/ I wrote the letter with.
○2 含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在動詞的后面。
e.g. Is this the watch which he is looking for?(不能說成：Is this the watch for which he is looking?)
The old man whom the nurse are looking after is very well now.
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
○3 關系代詞that在從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞不能放在它的前面，只能放在從句中有關動詞的后面; 而當介詞位于定語從句的末尾時，關系代詞可用that/which(指物)； that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語，而且作介詞賓語的關系代詞可省略。
e.g. The city that/which/× she lives in is very far away. = The city in which she lives is very far away.
This is the hero that/who/whom/× we are proud of.不能說：This is the hero of whom we are proud.
○4 關系代詞whose也可以在從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起作介詞賓語。
e.g. The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.
2. Relative Adverbs: where, when, why
Place Function Replaced by
where place adverbial of place at/in + which
when time adverbial of time at/in/on + which
why reason adverbial of reason for + which
(1) where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。
e.g. This is the house where/in which we lived last year.
The factory where/in which his father works is in the west of the city.
(2) when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。
e.g. I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Beijing.
We’ll never forget the happy time when/at which we worked on the farm.
(3) why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。
e.g. There are several reasons why/for which we can’t do that.
He couldn’t give me a good reason why/for which he was late for school.
Ⅲ Types: Restrictive Attributive Clause& Non- Restrictive Attributive Clause
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
形式上 不用逗號“，”，與主句不隔開 用逗號“，”，與主句隔開
意義上 是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整 只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思
關系詞使用上 A． 作賓語時可省略
B． 可用that
C． 可用who 代替whom A. 不可省略
B. 不用that
C. 不可用who 代替whom
1．限制性定語從句說明先行詞的情況，對先行詞起限定作用，與先行詞關系十分密切，不用逗號隔開，也不可省略，否則全句意義就不完整。
e.g. This is the telegram which/that he refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
2．非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞作補充說明，沒有限定作用，它與先行詞的關系比較松散，不是關鍵性的，如果省略，原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時要有停頓，在文字中通常用逗號與主句隔開。
e.g. This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.
◆ 引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。
另外，非限制性定語從句從意義上講，相當于一個并列句，在口語中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人們通常用并列句或簡單句來表達。如：
I told the story to John, who later told it to his brother. = I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.
Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.
3．兩種定語從句的內涵不同，限制性定語從句具有涉他性，而非限制性定語從句具有唯一性，這在理解和翻譯時應特別注意。試比較：
※
4．在正式文體中，以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常以in which或 that 引導，如：
The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
◆但在非正式文體中，人們通常省略in which或 that :
e.g. The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.
I don’t like the way (that) you laugh at her.
Ⅳ 關系詞的選擇(當引導詞在句中做主語或賓語時，要用關系代詞；當引導詞在句中做狀語時，要用關系副詞)
e.g.
★ 在非正式場合，that可代替where, when, why; 常見的情況是：此時的先行詞通常是the place, the time, the reason,而且that常可省略。
This is the place (that) he works. (=where)
That was the time (that) he arrived. (=when)
This is the reason (that) he came. (=why)
Practice: Is this the factory that/which/× his father visited last year?
Is this factory the one that/which/× his father visited last year?
Is this the factory where/at which his father worked last year?
Is this factory the one to which his father paid a visit last year?
Attention:
1. 在Non-A.C.中，關系代詞作主語，只能用who 指人，which指物；關系代詞做賓語，常用whom（口語中有時用who）指人，which指物，它們都不能用that代替。
2. 關系代詞作介詞賓語，不論是在限制性定語從句中，還是在非限制性定語從句中，當介詞前置時，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介詞后置，則不受這種限制，關系代詞還可以省去，特別是在口語中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?
The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.
3. 在R-A.C.中，只能用that，不用which指物的情況
(1) 當先行詞為不定代詞all, much, little, only, just, every, last, one of, no, little, few, any, something, everything, anything，nothing, none, the one......及the very, the last, the next, the only或被不定代詞修飾時
e.g. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? You should hand in all that you have.
All that can be done has been done. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.
The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest. This is the very book that I’m looking for.
We heard clearly every word that he said. She is the only person that understands me.
(2)當先行詞為序數詞、形容詞的最高級或被它們修飾時
e.g. He was the first person that passed the exam. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. Is that the best that you can do?
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.
When people talk about Hang Zhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
(3)當先行詞既有人又有物時
e.g. Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
The film star and her film that you have just talked about is really well-known.
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
(4)由which或who等特殊疑問詞引導的句子
e.g. Which is the bike that you lost? Which is the car that killed the boy?
Who is the boy that won the gold medal? Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
(5)當先行詞在主句中作表語，而關系代詞也在從句中作表語時
e.g .Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. He is not the person that he used to be.
c.f.: Shanghai is no longer what it used to be.
(6)如果兩個從句，其中一個關系代詞用which, 另一個用that以避免重復。
e.g. He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
4.用which而不用that 的場合
(1)當關系代詞前有介詞時 e.g. This is the house of which the windows face south.
(2)引導非限制性定語從句which 可代表先行詞或者前句，“這一點，這件事”
e.g. Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. (他建立了一個生產以前從未見過的東西的工廠)
Tom came back, which made us happy.
(3)先行詞為that, those時 e.g. What’s that which was put in the car?
(4)一個句子有兩個定語從句，為避免重復，一個用that， 另一個用which
e.g. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
讓我給你看這本從圖書館借的剛剛向我們開放的書。
5. 在限制性定語從句中，當先行詞指人時，關系詞可用who(m)或that，二者常可互換。
但在下列情況中，用who(m)，而不用that
(1)當先行詞是指人的不定代詞時，如one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等詞時。 e.g. Is there anyone who can answer this question?
He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.
(◆ 在非正式文體中可以說：You’re the one that knows where to go.)
(2)當先行詞是I, you, he, they, those, people, person等詞時。如：
e.g. He who wants to catch fish just not minds getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.
(◆ 在固定結構的諺語或習語中，可用he that…。如：He that promises too much means nothing.)
(3)當先行詞是人，后面有較長的定語修飾時。如：
Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?
你知道那位穿藍色衣服，戴厚眼鏡在會上發言的作家嗎？
(4)在there be結構中，先行詞指人時，只用who e.g. There is a young man who wants to see you.
(5)兩個定語從句同時修飾一個指人的先行詞，一個用that, 另一個常用who(m)來引導，如：
e.g. The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.
She is the only girl (that) I know who can play the guitar.
6. 注意way和time后接定語從句的情況
(1) 當先行詞是way “方式、方法”時，引導的定語從句的關系詞有下列三種形式：
e.g. I don’t understand the way in which/that/× they worked out the problem.
c.f: The way that/which/× he explained to us was quite simple. （作賓語）他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡單。
The way that/in which/× he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. （作賓語）
他向我們解釋句子的那種方法并不難理解。
Ex: 表示……的……時可以有三種方式：例如：封面是白色的書 (在定語從句中whose可以指人的…和物的…)
…the book whose cover is white… / … the book the cover of which is white… /… the book of which the cover is white
(2) 先行詞是time時，若time表示“次數”時，應用關系代詞that 引導定語從句，that可省略；若表示“一段時間”時，應用關系副詞when或介詞at/during + which引導定語從句。
e.g. This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.
I could hardly remember how many times (that) I have failed in exams.我不記得我考試有多少次失敗了。
This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
7. 定語從句的主謂一致
（1）關系代詞作從句的主語時，從句中謂語動詞的人稱和數要與先行詞保持一致，先行詞是個句子時，從句的謂語動詞用第三人稱單數形式。
e.g. The recorder that has been given to me is home-made.
I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.
(2) “one of+復數名詞”位于關系代詞前作先行詞時，從句的動詞通常用復數; 但當one前有the (only), the (very)等修飾時，從句的謂語動詞要用單數。
e.g. He is one of the students who have made great progress.
Mr. Wang is the (only) one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us.
王先生是我的唯一一位被邀請與我們共進晚餐的朋友。
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous building that draw lots of visitors.長城是吸引大批游客的偉大建筑物之一。
The Great Wall is the (only) one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.
長城是地球上唯一一個從月球上可以看到的建筑物。
★ not the only one of …..= only one of
e.g. Tom isn’t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam. 通過考試的男孩，Tom并非唯一。
= Tom is only one of the boys who have passed the exam. Tom只是通過了考試的男孩子們中的一個（不是唯一）。
(3)當關系代詞as 和which引導非限制性定語從句，修飾主句內容時，若as與which作主語，則從句的謂語動詞用單數形式。
e.g. Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.
Ⅴ as引導的定語從句
關系代詞as既可以引導限制性定語從句，又可以引導非限制性定語從句，as在從句中做主語、賓語、表語。
1. as引導限制性定語從句。
(1) such +名詞 + as……“像…..一樣的” “像……之類”
the same + 名詞+ as…… “和…….同樣的”
其中關系代詞as在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語
e.g. We have found such materials as are used in their factory. (as作主語)我們已經找到了像他們公產里用的那種材料。
Such people as you describe are thought to be fools nowadays. (as作賓語)當今像你描述的這種人被看作傻瓜。
He is not the same man as he was. (as作表語)
※ ※ 當先行詞被the same所修飾時，關系詞既可以用as，也可以用that。That表示同一事物；as表示同一種類。
e.g. This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 這就是我昨天用過的那臺儀器。
This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 這臺儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺一樣。
※ 在抽象概念上，同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對區別的，所以兩個詞可換用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
這里要注意的是：
①使用as時，它引導的定語從句中的動詞可以省略，但使用that時，定語從句中的動詞不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that men received.
○2在“the same…that”結構中，that只是用來加強語氣，強調“相同”。that可以省去而不改變句子原意，甚至連名詞前的same也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在“the same…as”結構中，same和as都不能省略。
○3當“the same…that”結構中的that作為關系副詞用時，不可以直接與as互換。
e.g. He lives in the same building that I live. = He lives in the same building as / that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?
（2）……such as……(當先行詞前有such, so, as時，關系詞應當用as)
such為代詞 “這樣的人或物”,as在從句中擔當成分,修飾先行詞such
e.g. This book is not such as I expect. (as作賓語)這不是一本我所希望的書。
A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.一個聰明男人很少會談這些他不懂的事物。
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.他用這樣人都能聽懂的簡單英語說話。
At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.讓我們討論這些能夠自由談論的事情。
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定語從句）這本書用初學者都懂懂的簡單英語寫成。
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand.（結果狀語從句）
這本書用如此簡單的英語寫成以至于初學者都懂。
2. 關系代詞as和which引導的定語從句。
○1相同的是兩者都可代指主句的整個內容，而不是主句中的某一個詞。
○2as引導的非限制性定語從句,既可以在主句前,又可在主句后,有時還可插入主句中,而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句后。
e.g. He turned out to be very successful, which was more than we could expect.
As is known to all, Edison invented the telephone.
= Edison invented the telephone, as is known to all.= Edison, as is known to all, invented the telephone.
○3當先行次受such, the same修飾時，關系詞常用as e.g. I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
○4as在從句中作主語時，后面常接行為動詞的被動語態，如be known, be said, be reported等；如果行為動詞是主動語態，一般要用which作主語。
○5當主句與從句語義一致時用as，反之用which
e.g.:
e.g. As is announced in today’s papers, all the schools will reopen on September 1.
另外as多用于習慣答語中：as anybody can see(正如人人都能看到的那樣)； as is well-known=as is known to all (眾所周知)； as we had expected（正如我們所預料的那樣）； as often happens (正如經常發生的那樣)； as has been said before（如上所述）； as is mentioned above（正如上面提到的）
Ⅵ 定語從句與同位語從句的區別。
1. 與先行詞關系不同。定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾選系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內容，它與先行詞是同位關系。
He told me the news that our team won. He told me the news that/which was very exciting.
We’re interested in the news that some foreigners will visit our school. We’re interested in the news that he told us.
2. 引導詞不同。 定語從句由關系代詞或關系副詞引導，在從句中擔當相應的成分，關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略； 同位語從句主要由連接詞that引導，在從句中一般不擔當成分，不可省略，有時也可用where, who, whether, when, how, what等連詞引導，而這些連詞在從句中擔當成分。
The fact that he won the first prize can’t be denied. The news that he told me is true.
The news that he has just died is true. The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer.
3. 同位語從句與先行詞一般可以發展成一個完整的句子，謂語動詞用be
We felt relieved to learn the news that SARS was finally brought under control. →SARS was finally brought under control.
The news that LiNing alone won three gold medals at the Olympic Games soon spread all over the world. →The news was that LiNing alone won three gold medals at the Olympic Games
1. ○1. He is not the man he used to be.
○3He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
2. ○1Could you suggest a time _____it would fit you to visit us and try out the machine﹖
○2Think of a time _____you were happiest．
○3There was a time_____ all scientists were willing to share their results．
A. that B. when C. which D. where
3.○1Mr Smith has three sons，none of is a computer expert．
○2He has two sisters， are doctors．
○3She has three CDs，but none of is interesting．
○4I have many friends，and all of are nice and friendly．
○5Miss Yang has some relatives here； like her very much．
A. whom B. both of whom C. both of them D. them E. all
4. ○1I can still remember the sitting room ____ I used
to sit in in the evening.
○2 I can still remember the sitting room ____ I used to
sit in the evening.
A. where B. which C. that D. B and C
5.○1October 1, 1949 is the day ____we’ll never forget.
○2October 1, 1949 was the day _____the People’s Republic of China was founded.
A. when B. that C. where D. in which
6.①It was eleven o’clock ___they went out of the cinema.
②It was at eleven o’clock ___they went out of the cinema.
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
7. ①This is the house _____I lived in two years ago.
②This is the house I lived two years ago.
A. in which B. where C. which D. in that
8. ○1That was the reason Mac refused to speak for at the meeting.
A. why B. that C. for that D. for which
○2That was the reason Mac gave me the other day.
A. why B. for that C. which D. for which
○3That was the reason Mac refused to speak at the meeting.
A. why B. that C. which D. of which
9. ○1Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who in China.
○2Mr. Smith is the only one of those foreigners who in China.
A. works B. is workingC. are working D. has been working
10. ○1The book, the cover is broken, is not mine.
A. of it B. for C. whose D. of which
○2Who is the comrade was there?
A. whom B. that C. which D. whose
○3The man you just shook hands with is Tom.
A. whom B .which C. whose D. of which
○4Do you know the comrade we are talking?
A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that
○5The comrade is speaking at the meeting is a good worker. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
11. ○1Is this factory we visited last year?
A. where B. in which C. the one D. at which
○2 This is the factory we visited last year.
A. where B. which C. the one D .at which
○3Is this the factory your father works?
A. where B. which C. of which D. in that
○4This is the best factory I have visited all my life.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
○5 Is this the factory color TV set are produced?
A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
○6 Is this the factory ______was built in 1950s?
A. where B. which C. the one D. in which
○7The factory _____ used to be a temple is a school now.
A. the one B. that C. in that D. on that
12. ○1I remember the day I first met Tom on.
A. which B. when C . in which D . on that
○2September 1, 1931 is the day we'll never forget.
A. that B. when C. on which D. on that
○3I remember the day I first came to the college.
A. when B. in which C. which D. that
13. ○1There are two thousand students in our school,
____ are girls.
A. two-thirds in which B. two-thirds in them
C. two-thirds of them D. of whom two-thirds
○2There are two thousand students in our school;
____ are girls.
A. two-thirds in which B. two-thirds in them
C. two-thirds of them D. of whom two-thirds
14. ○1I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
○2I’ll tell you ____ he told me last week.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all
○3He asked me ____ I needed. A. that B. which C. what D. /
15.① This is one of the most interesting films _____ shown last week.
② This is the very one of the most interesting films _____ shown last week.
A. which was B. that was C. which were D. that were
16. ① He still lives in the room __window faces to the east.
② He still lives in the room, the window __faces to the east.
③ He still lives in the room ___is in the north of the city.
④ He still lives in the room ___ there is a beautiful table.
A. which B. whose C. where D. of which
17.① _____leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
② ____who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
③ _____ who leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. Who C. Those D. Whoever
18. ①I’ll never forget the days ____we studied together.
② I’ll never forget the days _____ we spent together.
A. that B. / C. when D. A and B
19.①This is the only way _____ you can find.
②I don’t like the way _____ he spoke to his mother.
A. that B. / C. in which D. A, B and C E. A and B
20. ○1______is known to everybody, the moon travels
round the earth .
○2______ is known to everybody that the moon travels
round the earth .
○3______ is known to everybody is that the moon
travels round the earth .
○4_____everybody knows, the moon travels round the earth .
○5The moon travels round the earth, ___everybody knows.
A. Which B. As C. What D. It E. A and B
21. ①Is this museum _____ they visited last month?
②The teacher tells us that _____ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.
A. that B. the one C. which D. the one who
○3Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
○4The museum ___stands by the seaside is quite famous.
A. which B. it C. where D. /
Suggested answers: CD,BAB,ABDDE,DA,BA,CB,CA/B,BCA,CB,DBAAC,CBADCBB,AAA,DC,ADC,DB,BDAC,DAC,CD,ED,BDCBE,BDAA