Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences:
1.The world loves nature. （subject，object）
2.Knowledge is power . （subject， predicative）
3.We Chinese are peace-loving.(apposition)
名詞性從句
名詞性從句在功能上相當于名詞名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語等
主語從句
賓語從句
表語從句
同位語從句
His job is important. What he does is important
This is his job. This is what he does every day
I don’t like his job。 I don’t like what he does every day.
I don’t know about the man, Mr. White I don’t know about the fact that he is Mr.White.
That the earth is round is right.
I want to know whether he comes or not.
Pay attention to what I said.
The reason is that he was late for school.
The fact that he died made us sad.
如何判斷從句的類別？根據從句的位置判斷。
①主語從句（從句位于動詞前作主語）(it 做形式主語放于句首，主從放句末)
②賓語從句（從句位于動詞后或介詞，adj作賓語）
③表語從句（從句位于系動詞之后作表語）
④同位語從句（從句位于特殊的名詞如idea,fact,news等后
補充說明前面的名詞）
Ⅰ指出下列各名詞性從句的種類
At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.
She wondered if the buses would still be running.
The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.
When we will start is not clear.
I had no idea that you were her friend.
名詞性從句中的連接詞有:
連詞: that / whether / as if(though);
連接代詞: what / who/ which / whose /
whatever / whoever / whomever
/ whichever，
連接副詞: where / when / why / how
/ wherever / whenever
Ⅱ句型轉換（1.判斷主句，從句 2.看主句是否完整，不完整，則用從句補充，若完整則從句代替其中一個成分）
1.They are good doctors. He told us.
He told us that they were good doctors.
2. He hadn’t said anything at the meeting. The fact surprised us.
The fact that he hadn’t said anything at the meeting surprised us.
總結：當從句原來是陳述句時，變成名詞性從句用that引導。（that無意義，不做成分）
3.Does your sister get up early? Do you know?
Do you know if/ whether your sister gets up early?
4.Do animals have the same senses as humans? I often wonder.
I often wonder if/ whether animals have the same senses as humans.
總結：當從句原來是一般疑問句時，變成名詞性從句用if或whether引導。
5.When did he buy this new bike? Could you tell me?
Could you tell me when he bought this new bike?
6.My question is this: where will the lecture be given?
My question is where the lecture will be given.
總結：當從句原來是特殊疑問句時，變成名詞性從句還用原來的特殊疑問詞來引導。
總結：名詞性從句必須用陳述句語序。另外，一般情況下，名詞性從句均看作單數概念。由what引導的一般看后面的表語。賓語從句的時態一般與主句保持一致。
1.What we need is more time.
2.What we need are more English dictionaries.
Ⅲ 改錯
1.That the earth turns around the sun are known to all.
2.When the meeting will be held haven’t been known yet.
3.I didn’t know that you will come.
4.He said that he is writing a story.
5.Could you tell me when will he arrive?
6.You can begin to see why does English have such strange rules.
主語從句
連詞（除了 as if ,because）
if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。
Whether he will come on Wednesday is not certain. 不用if
it 做形式主語(由連詞 whether , 連接代詞 what,who,which 和連接副詞 when,where,why,how 等引導.也常常后置:
It’ possible/important/necessary/clear… that……很可能/重要的是…/必要的是…/很清楚…
It’s said/ reported… that..據說/據報道…
It’s announced/declared that..已經通知/宣布…
It seems/appears/happens.. that…顯然、明顯、 碰巧..
It’s no wonder that…并不奇怪/無疑…It’s a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (眾所周知）
/ a common saying….（俗話說）
3.主語從句中 ，謂語動詞一般用單數What引導的主語從句，可根據表語決定
What he needs _is_ that book.
What he needs _are_ some books
When and where we meet hasn’t been decided.
When we meet and where we meet haven’t been decided.
4主語從句的 “that”不能省。
賓語從句
連詞（除了as if ,because）
由that引導的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略)
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
I heard that be joined the army.
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
注意：that 引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。
但是：He told me (that) he would attend the international maths Olympic competition and that he would win the gold medal.
2.Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .
Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information about that city .
表“是否”時，在下列情況下用whether。
a. 主語從句
b. 表語從句
c. 同位語從句
d. 介詞后的賓語從句
e.后接動詞不定式 (whether to do sth.)
f .whether or not 連在一起引導賓語從句時不用if
1. I asked her __________ she had a bike.
3. We’re worried about ________ he is safe.
4. I don’t know ___________ he is well or not.
5. I don’t know ________ or not he is well.
6. I don’t know _______ to go.
3.時態.與主句相呼應： 如果主句是現在的時態 （包括一般現在時 ，現在進行時，現在完成時），從句的時態可根據實際情況而定，（包括一般現在時，一般過 去時，一般將來時，現在完成時等）
I know he lives here .
I know he lived here ten years ago .
I have heard that he will come tomorrow
如果主句是過去的時態（包括一般過去時，過去進行時），那么從句的時態一定要用相對應的過去的某種時態（包括一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時， 過去完成時）
I knew who lived here.
I saw she was talking with her mother.
He asked whether his father would come back
tomorrow.
He said that he had seen it .
當從句是客觀真理，定義，公理，定理時用一般現在時。
The teacher said that the sun travels around the earth .
4 it 可以作為形式賓語think，believe，find， make, consider, feel
I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.
5否定的轉移
若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think he will come.
表語從句(可用as if ,because)不用if
The question is whether we can rely on him.
That’s because we were in need of money at that time .
He looked as if he was going to cry .
That’s why I was late .
That’s why + 結果
That’s because+原因
He is ill. That’s why he is absent.
He is absent. That’s because he is ill.
同位語從句（不用if ,because, as if）
同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內容，一般由that引導
He gave me a promise that he would buy a new car for me.
I have no idea whether he will come.
That 引導的同位語從句與定從的區別
The fact that he said nothing surprised everyone present.
The fact that he sais surprised everyone present.
(1)同位語從句--同位語從句和前面的名詞是同位關系，對名詞進行補充說明
定語從句 --定從和前面的名詞是所屬關系，對名詞進行修飾，加以限定
(2) 同位語從句--that 只起連接作用，不作任何成分
定語從句 -- that 是關系代詞，起連接作用和充 當賓語和主語
名詞性從句中連詞選擇“三步法”
“一分二劃三看”
一、“一分”即分清從句類型
二、“二劃”即劃分出從句（用括號表示從句）
（1）(That the erath is round) is true.（主語從句）
v
（2）Do you know（where he lives）?（賓語從句）
v
（3）My opinion is (that you should not go alone) .（表語從句）
v
（4）I don’t like the idea (that money is everything).（同位語從句）
n
三、“三看”即看從句句意是否完整：
1、句意不完整→缺連接代詞 ①人 who,whoever（主語）
whom,whomever（賓語）
②物 what,whatever（主語、賓語）
which,whichever（主語、賓語）
2、句意完整
（1）缺連接副詞 ：
①時間：when；②地點：where,wherever；③原因：why；④方式：how。
（2）缺不作成份的連詞 ①有含義：if 、wherther（是否）；②無含義：that