人教版高一冊模塊四第二單元
Using Language (Reading, Speaking and Writing)教學設計
浙江省溫州第四中學 徐長才
Using Language (Reading, Speaking and Writing)語言運用部分是新課標人教版各單元中的重點教學內容,它承載著本單元語言輸出教學的重要任務,是對本單元閱讀、詞匯、語法等各項內容學后的一個運用和檢驗。因此,授課教師應對這一塊教學內容進行科學合理的設計,以全面完成本單元的教學任務。
一、設計思想
1. 以建構主義理論為基礎
建構主義理論主張在問題情境下進行學習,要求學生不要盲目或被動地接受和記憶教師傳授的知識或課本知識,而是要主動地進行自我探索,將學習過程變成積極參與建構知識的高水平的思維過程(朱文英,2007)。教師要尊重學生已有的知識和經驗,并幫助他們將新環境提供的信息整合或重組到自己原有認知結構中,激活學生的思維、啟發他們觀察、發現、思考、歸納、總結,鼓勵他們提出自己的問題和觀點。教師在教學Using Language這一部分時,應科學妥當地設置話題情境,激活學生已有的知識,以便使之在新的語言環境中得到拓展和運用,從而構建新的知識。
2. 以任務型教學方法為依托
新課程標準倡導任務型語言教學,它是以具體的任務為學習動力或動機,以完成任務的過程為學習的過程,以展示任務成果的方式(而不是以測試的分數)來體現教學的成就。學生有了具體的動機就能自主地學習,并且主動地用所學語言去做事情,在做事情過程中自然地使用所學語言,在使用所學語言做事情過程中發展語言能力。Using Language這部分的教學就是要求教師設置學生感興趣的任務,讓任務貼近學生的實際生活,符合學生的認知水平,學生完成教師所設任務的同時能夠運用本單元所學的語言知識來發展其語言能力。
根據以上教學理論,設計本節課時要體現教師為主導,學生為主體的教學思想,努力創設問題情境,營造輕松愉快的教學氣氛,對學生進行充分的語言輸入,重點突出對學生語言能力的培養,為學生的語言輸出創造良好的語言環境。
二、教材分析
本節課教學內容Using Language(Reading, Speaking and Writing)是本單元的最后一個課時,要求學生以有機農業和綠色食品為話題,復習鞏固如何用英語提出忠告和建議,以及用英語制作海報和廣告。它是學生在學完前面各項內容后的提升階段,是對師生落實前面各項內容的一個檢驗。該部分由Reading, Speaking and Writing三部分組成。其中Reading,和Speaking 都是為Writing作鋪墊的,即Reading for writing , Speaking for writing. 《學科教學指導意見》指出,教師可以圍繞Reading, Speaking and Writing中相關材料指導學生進行聽、說、寫的嘗試,并指導學生就相關材料進行比較,提出自己的觀點和建議。根據新課標的要求,在寫作教學之前,教師應作好鋪墊,激活靈感,激發興趣,明確目的和讀者對象,討論主題,搜集素材,語言準備,寫提綱等等,從而為接下來重點教學環節打下基礎。本節課主要圍繞學習設計英語海報和廣告展開。值得一提的是在操練Speaking部分時,對功能項目的訓練應有所側重。比如:I’d prefer….because…, This is good value because… It’s a great pity that… If I have a choice I’d choose…because…等屬于高一階段應有所側重的功能項目。而 I don’t like …because… , You need to … It’s better to …等是初中階段就應該熟練掌握的功能項目,可以不作為重點來訓練。
三、學情分析
這個階段的高一學生思維正處于活躍的階段,具有較為豐富的想象力。經過初中三年的學習和磨練,再經過模塊一至模塊三的學習訓練,具備了一定的語言表達能力。本節課中,他們經過兩篇關于農業方面文章的閱讀,積累了相關的詞匯與句式表達,從而為本節課的寫作打下了一定的基礎。然而,本節課有三個主要環節即閱讀、對話和寫作。在這三個環節中,學生運用功能項目時,可能只會機械呆板地套用,缺乏靈活性,而且不能把握對話的要點。寫作內容是設計英語海報,學生有可能對英語海報的格式及語言表達方面把握不準,導致表達規范性不夠和重點不突出的傾向。因此,授課教師在教學設計時應引起足夠的重視。另外,基于本節課課型的特點,學生在對話操練前會采用同伴互助即pair work 的方式進行操練,寫作過程中會采用討論和合作探究完成海報的設計。
四、教學目標
1. 語言知識:鞏固Using language 這一塊所學過的單詞,比如:organic, fertilizer, chemical, fertile, supply, mineral, pest, whatever, refer to, nutrition等并學習新詞 certain。
2. 語言技能:學會用英語提出忠告和建議,比如,描述某有一農產品的優點與缺點;學會用英語制作海報,從而提高英語寫作能力。
3. 情感態度:了解農民的生活,尊重農民的勞動;學會辨別有害食品與綠色食品。
4. 學習策略:合作探究,同伴互助。
5. 文化意識:引發學生對食品的質量與發展農業的思考。
五、教學重點與難點
1. 組織學生用英語說服顧客購買老王的綠色食品,培養學生口頭表達能力,為學生的寫作作好鋪墊;
2. 指導學生用英語制作海報,提高英語寫作能力;
六、教學策略與手段
1. 以任務型教學作為課堂教學設計之理念,采用情境教學法、交際教學法、討論法等教學方法。從一定程度上說,人們使用語言是為了完成各種各樣的任務,而任務型的教學活動就是讓學習者通過運用所學語言來完成各種各樣的交際活動。學習者通過表達、溝通、交涉、解釋、詢問等各種語言形式來學習和掌握語言,實現目標,感受成功。
2.在教學中突出交際性,注重讀寫的實用性;同時進行情感與策略調整,以形成積極的學習態度,促進語言實際運用能力的提高;教師還要重視各環節過渡時的教學用語,達到承上啟下的作用。
3.堅持“教師為主導,學生為主體,任務為基礎”的教學原則,在課堂的不同環節,教師應自覺扮演“設計者、研究者、組織者、促進者和協調者”的角色。
4. 貫徹“教中學,學中用”的策略,真正使學生學以致用。
5.采用多媒體課件展示教學內容,激發學生的學習興趣,營造良好的課堂氛圍。
七、課前準備
學生課前應作好預習準備工作。比如,復習和鞏固Using Language部分的單詞;要弄清綠色食品,有機肥,農家肥的指向,如何用課本上所給的功能項目向對方提建議和忠告等。教師要認真領會新課標精神,充分分析教材,確定重難點,把握學生的學情,理清教學思路,準備好教學課件和教學素材以及課堂上要用的畫筆及紙張,另外要確定好學生的合作小組以及明確組內分工。本節課宜在具有多媒體平臺和實物投影儀的教室里進行。
八、教學過程
Step1. Lead-in
Show the students some pictures of green food and junk food and ask them some questions as follows:
1. Which food do you prefer to eat, why?
2. Which of those do you think are green foods and what will you think of when we mention the green food?
設計說明:通過觀看圖片激發興趣,回答問題啟動學生綠色食品的意識,打開對綠色食品相關話題比如說農場之類等,激活其農業方面的相關思維。
Step2. Reading
教師讓學生閱讀下面一篇短文,完成文后的任務。
What is green food? Green food, which is healthy and safe for people’s health, refers to the food growing with natural rather than chemical fertilizers. The fertilizer that “green” farmer use is natural waste form animals. They believe that putting this in their fields, which are away from industrial areas and dirty water supplies makes the soil richer in minerals and more fertile. Besides, they can keep the air, the soil and water as well as the food supply free from chemicals.
As everyone knows, green food is usually more expensive to grow than other food which is not safe so that many people would rather buy ordinary food at a much lower price without caring about their health. This means green food doesn’t sell well in China, which worries“green”farmers.
Lao Wang from Nanxijiang Farm, for example, learns to grow green fruits such as watermelons and he gets a big harvest this year. His watermelons sell at 8yuan per kg while the ordinary ones at 4yuan per kg. The problem is that he doesn’t know how to let people in cities know how special his green melons are and may not be able to sell them out before they go bad.
Questions:
1. What does the writer mainly want to tell us?
He wants to tell us something of green food such as the advantages and the disadvantages of it.
2. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of the green food according to the passage?
Advantages: a. healthy and safe for people’s health
b. grown with natural fertilizers
c. away from industrial areas and dirty water supplies
d. free from chemicals
Disadvantages: a. more expensive than other food which is not safe
b. green food doesn’t sell well
3. What is Lao Wang’s trouble?
He doesn’t know how to let people in cities know how special his green melons are and may not be able to sell them out before they go bad.
設計說明:通過閱讀,進行語言輸入,訓練學生閱讀技巧如抓主旨大意和細節的能力。弄清綠色食品的利弊和理出老王的煩心事,為順利過渡到下一個環節作好鋪墊。(另外這篇文章是筆者在原有教材基礎上,進行了重整以更加適合學生的認知水平,課本上的閱讀文章短而淺顯)
Step3. Discussion
Activity: Work in pairs and discuss which of Lao Wang’s watermelons would you prefer to buy, your opinions must be based upon the above advantages of green food, using the following expressions, especially the underlined ones.
I would rather… I don’t like…because…
I’d prefer… because… It’s a great pity that…
Should I we …? It’s better to …
This is good value because… If I have a choice I’d choose…because…
What is the advantage of …? You need to…
設計說明:通過討論,開啟學生思維,為進入到對話環節做準備, 鞏固和運用本單元的功能項目并且有所側重。
Step4. Dialogue production
Activity: Work in pairs to help Lao Wang solve his problem. One acts as a customer, the other acts as Lao Wang, who is trying to persuade his customers to buy his watermelons, again using the above expressions. Some pairs will be invited to act your dialogues out.
設計說明:這個環節體現了任務型教學的理念,即學中用,用中學。讓學生在具體語境中得體地運用本單元的功能項目,也為下一步寫作作好鋪墊。
Step5. Pre-writing
What other ways can you think of to help Lao Wang sell his products well? Yes, make a poster or an advertisement. Let’s begin.
Show two posters of which one is well designed and the other is ordinarily designed to the students in order to tell the differences between them and decide which is better. Then draw their attention to the better one. The format of a poster should be known to the students. Also the students should be guided to be able to use attractive heading, beautiful pictures and persuasive words, creative design and direct reasons to form their poster.
以下是兩則海報示例及對學生進行海報制作的指導:
Sample 1 sample 2
Reference:
1. The structure of a poster:
Sample 1 sample 2
▲Main heading
▲Part 1 Explain what you sell
▲Part 2 Reasons to buy
(in shortened sentences)
▲Part 3 Impressive slogans
An attractive picture
▲ Main heading
▲Part 1 Impressive slogans
▲ Part 2 Reasons to buy
(in shortened sentences)
▲ Part 3 Explain what you sell
An attractive picture
2. Useful words and expressions:
Healthy and safe; free of chemical fertilizer; rich in nutrition; high in ; grown away from; be certain to ; natural fertilizer;
Follow your desire! This is one step on the road to a …world!
It’s best choice ! just do it!
設計說明:展示兩副海報,通過比較,讓學生判斷其優劣,然后引導學生研究有特色的那副海報,其結構、標題、圖片、語言表達等,從而培養學生的鑒賞力,同時給學生提供范本和可能用到的詞句供他們運用和模仿。在這一環節里,教師尤其要引導學生品味海報里的語言表達,給出足夠的時間讓他們討論和醞釀自己的語句。
Step6. While-writing
Activity: Work in groups of 4 and design your best posters for Lao Wang to sell one of his green fruits. Each of the four should be assigned a concrete job such as deciding the heading, drawing the beautiful pictures and using the most attractive words and expressions.
設計說明:這個環節是本節課的重要環節之一,經過前面幾個環節的層層鋪墊和語言輸入,來達到語言的有效輸出。要求學生把學到的語言知識運用到做事中來,體現學以致用的原則;在手段上采用小組合作分工的方式,激發學生的合作意識,共同探究共同分享,感受成功和快樂。
Step7. Post-writing
Give the assessment of the works to the class and then ask some groups to show their works on the screen. Have comparisons of the presented works and then the teacher gives the exact and scientific evaluations.
Assessment Self(自評) Peer
(同伴互評)
Content
(5) Does the poster have a clear structure(結構)? (2)
Does your poster include persuasive reasons?(2)
Do you draw any pictures?(1)
Grammar(2) Do you use tense correctly?(1)
Is your spelling correct?(1)
Language
(3) Do you use any good expressions learnt from this class?(1)
Do you use attractive and brief sentences?(2)
Total marks (10)
設計說明:(1) 引導學生進行自我評價和互評,它不僅符合新課程所倡導的合作、交流和探究的學習理念,而且有益于學生認識自我,樹立自信;有助于學生反思和調控自己的學習過程,從而促進綜合語言運用能力的不斷發展。
(2)教師一要給學生提供評價表,以便對自己的作品作出正確的評價;二要運用鼓勵和激勵性的語言給予綜合評價,做到科學準確,簡潔明了,對學生有示范性的作用。
Step8. Summary
In this class we have made it clear what green food is and we have offered our help to Lao Wang to solve his problem by persuading customers to buy his products and making a poster for him. I really appreciate your job. Well done! I hope green food will be always on your dinner table and you will be always healthy with green food.
設計說明:重點環節結束時總結話題可以幫助學生加深對本節課內容的理解,讓學生回味本節課的活動,進一步理清思路,結束本單元的學習。
九、板書設計
Unit2. Working the land
Using Language: Reading, Speaking and Writing
Advantages: a. healthy and safe for people’s health
b. grown with natural fertilizers
c. away from industrial areas and dirty water supplies
d. free from chemicals
Disadvantages: a. more expensive than other food which is not safe
b. green food doesn’t sell well
Useful expressions:
I would rather… I don’t like…because…
I’d prefer… because… It’s a great pity that…
Should I we …? It’s better to …
This is good value because… If I have a choice I’d choose…because…
What is the advantage of …? You need to…
十、作業設計
1. Please improve your poster and upload to the web : www.albaba.com .
設計說明:學生在課堂上學到的知識和獲得的能力,一旦被運用到實際生活中去,會給他們帶來無窮的樂趣和極大的成就感,這將會激勵學生更加發奮學習,取得更大的成功。
問題研討
本節課一直圍繞綠色食品和老王的農產品銷售這條線展開,應該說作到了層層遞進,環環相扣,過渡緊湊,但課后還是覺得有些缺憾。
1. 本課的重點是寫,通過寫前的各種鋪墊,實現語言的有效輸出。但是學生的海報設計不論是版面還是語言表達仍不盡人意,有些簡單。尤其是海報上語言表述依然幼稚平淡,似乎初中學生也能寫出這樣的句子。這是否與教材本身的要求有關?
2.學生在對話這個環節里,思路仍然沒有打開,僅局限于簡單的一來一往的三兩個來回,語言簡單不能深入話題,語言能力并未得到很大的拓展。
3.如何拓寬學生思維,使之能深入話題,從而提升學生的語言能力,仍然是今后口頭表達與寫作教學的努力方向。
參考資料
陳琳 王嗇 程曉堂等:《英語課程標準解讀》,北京師范大學出版社2002年版,第105頁。
廣東省教育廳教研室: 《英語優秀教學設計與案例》,廣東高等教育出版社2005年版,第141
浙江省教育廳:《浙江省普通高中新課程實驗學科教學指導意見》,浙江教育出版社2006年版,第49-51頁。
朱文英:《建構主義理論指導下的綜合技能教學探索》,《中小學外語教學》2007年第4期
(本文在撰寫過程中引用了2007年溫州市高中優質課比賽部分選手的材料,在此本人向這些選手表示誠摯的謝意。)
本文經整理發表在2007年12期《中小學外語教學》28-32頁上,歡迎同仁們指正。