【知識網絡】
一、重點詞匯與短語
1．argue的用法小結：
（1）argue可以作及物動詞和不及物動詞，意思是“辯論,爭論；爭吵”。常用結構是“argue with somebody about/over something”，表示“和某人就某事進行辯論”。
例如：
argue a case：辯論一個案子
They argued their actions had nothing to do with the riot, but I think that's debatable.
他們辯解道,他們的行為與這次騷亂沒有關系,但我認為這話未必正確。
He argued with Mary about/over the best place for a holiday.
他和瑪麗爭論度假的最好地方。
（2）argue 還可以用于以下搭配：
argue for something ：贊成某事
argue against something ：反對某事
argue somebody into/out of doing something：說服某人做/不做某事
He argued for the plan. 它贊成這個計劃。
They strongly argue against going there next Sunday.
他們堅決反對下星期天去那兒。
We argued him out of doing such a stupid thing.
我們說服了他沒有做這件蠢事。
2．survive 的用法小結：
（1）survive表示“大難不死；死里逃生;在…之后還活著”的意思。經常用于詞組survive from something或者survive on something。
Many strange customs have survived from earlier time.
許多奇怪的習俗是從很早以前流傳下來的。
They can survive on very little money.
他們用很少的錢就可以生存。
The man was very ill, but he survived.
這個人病得很厲害，可是他活下來了。
（2）survive作動詞，還可以表示“幸存，幸免于”，也可以表示“比…長壽”。例如：These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions.
這些植物在非常寒冷的條件下無法存活。
Few survived after the flood.
洪水過后，生還者極少。
3．share的用法小結：
（1）share可以作為名詞使用，意思是“屬于或由某人做的部分，一份；股份；股票”。例如：
We gave each of the five children an equal share.
我們給了這五個孩子每人均等的一份。
Do not part with the shares on any account. 無論如何不要放棄這些股票。
They sell shares in companies at the stock exchange.
他們在證券交易所出售公司股票。
Note: share在表示“（以股票形式買賣的）股權”這個意思時，常用復數形式。
例如：
go shares：平分；均攤
（2）share用作動詞時，既可以作及物動詞，也可以作不及物動詞。過去式和過去分詞都是shared，屬于規則動詞。它常與in連用，意思是“共用；分攤；共有；參與”；與out連用，意思是“分配”；與with連用，意思是“告訴別人”。
例如：
We shared the sweets. 我們分吃了糖果。
They share their joys and sorrows. 他們同甘共苦。
Bill and Bob shared the work equally between them. 比爾和鮑勃兩人把工作平分了。
He shared the story with us. 他給我們講了這個故事。
（3）常用習語：
share and share alike：平均分配；有相同的等份
bear/take one’s share of …：負擔……的部分
for my share：至于我自己
fall to somebody’s share：由某人分擔；歸某人享有
go shares (with)…：平分，分享，均攤
have/take one’s share：分擔，參加
one’s share of the cake：分享的一份好處；應得的一份
二、詞義辨析
1．specially與especially的區別:這兩個詞都有“特別、專門”的意思。
（1）specially指的是非一般、非正常、非廣泛。表示為某一特定目的而做某事，經常翻譯成“專門”。
例如：
I came here specially to ask you a question. 我是專門來問你一個問題的。
"Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him."
他所駕駛的汽車是為他特制的`藍鳥'。
Specially-made lanterns are hung outside each house to help the dead to find their way.
"家家戶戶都掛著特制的燈籠,以幫助死者認路。"
He is not specially clever，but he works hard.
他不是特別聰明，但他工作很努力。
（2）especially的特殊、特別指的是非普通、非尋常、程度上超過其他的。常常翻譯成“尤其，特別地”，修飾形容詞、副詞或者動詞，表示某種情況與平常很不一樣。例如：
I love Italy, especially in summer. 我喜歡意大利，尤其是在夏天。
There is one part of the country with an especially large Indian population. That is the southwest.
"美國有一個區域的印第安人特別多,那就是美國西南部。"
"People, especially youngsters don't seem so polite these days."
"如今人們,尤其是年青人好象不那么講禮貌了。"
"'Do you like chocolate?' 'Not, especially.'" '你喜歡吃巧克力嗎?''不是特別喜歡。'
（3）specially與 especially在數量、程度等方面表示“例外、格外、過分”的意思時一般可以互換。口語中，一般用specially, 正式文件中多用especially，特別是在介詞或者連詞前面尤為多見。例如：
It’s not specially/especially hot today.
今天不算特別熱。
2． question, problem, trouble, matter的區別：
這四個名詞都可以翻譯成“問題”，question指主觀存在的“疑惑、疑問”，所以是需要“回答（answer）的”；problem指客觀存在的和遇到的疑難問題，有時指較嚴重的問題，所以是需要“解決（solve，work out）的”；trouble指遇到的“麻煩、問題”，指存在并有點棘手的問題；matter表示“事情，麻煩”，指具有某種特征的事例。例如：
You haven't answered my question. 你還沒有回答我的問題。
His honesty is beyond question. 他的誠實無可懷疑。
a key problem： 一個關鍵問題
The problem was how to move the heavy machinery.
問題是怎樣移動這臺沉重的機器。
They are discussing how to solve the problem.
他們正在討論如何解決這個問題。
The boy caused a lot of trouble to his parents；he was always in trouble.
這個男孩給他的父母招來很多麻煩，他甚為苦惱。
Students growing up from nursery school to college have trouble dealing with realities.
從幼兒園到大學的大學生在如何應付現實生活上都存在困難。
Trouble seems to be developing both in the cities and in the villages.
城市和農村好象都在醞釀著麻煩的事端。
This is a matter of no account. 這是一件無關緊要的事。
I can't see the visitors right now. I have an urgent matter to attend to.
現在我不能接見客人,因為我有一件急事要辦。
It is still a serious matter that some people drive after having drunk.
一些人酒后駕車仍然是一個嚴重的問題。
3．besides, except, except for 與but的區別：
這四個介詞或者短語都可以表示“除了…”的意思。但except僅表示“除了…”，排除在外，后面可以接that，what，when等引導的從句；而besides表示“除了…還有…”的意思，表示包含在內；except for表示“除了…”，它引出一個與前面的詞相反的原因或者事例；but的意思與except接近，它主要與某些不定代詞如nothing，all, anything， no one，anyone連用。
例如：
"Except for one old lady, the bus was empty."
公共汽車上要不是坐了一位老太太就是空的。
She can do everything except cook.
除了做飯之外她什么都會。
He had considered everything except the weather.
"他什么都想過,唯獨沒考慮到天氣。"
I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.
"除了在報上讀到的以外,我對這件事一無所知。"
Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains.
"除了雨天,大多數中國人一般都騎自行車上班。"
Besides milk and cheese, we need vegetables.
除了牛奶和干酪外，我們還需要蔬菜。
Besides football, I like playing basketball and table tennis.
除了足球以外，我還喜歡打籃球和乒乓球。
No one but me passed the exam yesterday.
昨天除了我以外沒別人考及格。
Nobody but Li Ming talked to Lao Wang today.
除了李明，今天沒有人給老王說話。
三、重點句型
1. I don’t enjoy singing, nor do I like computers.
此句要注意的是表示否定意義的nor引導一個倒裝句。 再如：
I don’t know how to play computer games, nor do I care.
我不知道怎樣打電腦游戲，我也不在乎。
表示上一句的情況也適合下一句時，還可以用“so”表示肯定意義。例如：
I work in a very big factory, so does he. 我在一個大工廠上班，他也是。
2．Despite the fact that they have never met each other, Michael and Xiao Li are best friends.
此句中的that引導的是一個同位語從句，that在這類句子中不作成分。同樣，that還可以在名詞idea, plan, suggestion等詞的后面引導同位語從句。再如：
The idea that we go there by bus is acceptable because it is very far from here to the city.
我們坐車去那里的想法是可以接受的，因為從這里到城里很遠。
3．With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
在英語中，with復合結構是一個常用結構，常用來作定語、狀語等等。此句中的with復合結構作狀語。
再如：
The poor girl, with a basket on her back, search all day from the foot of the mountain to the top of it.
四、語法復習: 直接引語與間接引語：
直接引語變為間接引語時，要從以下幾個方面考慮：
1．句式的轉變：
①當直接引語為陳述句時，間接引語變為由that引導的賓語從句。
例如：
“I like doing my homework in the evening,” said George.
--George said that he liked doing his homework in the evening.
②當直接引語為一般疑問句時，就將其變為由if/whether引導的賓語從句,動詞由say變為ask。
例如：
“Mary, have you seen Tom this morning?” Peter said to me.
--Peter asked me whether/if I had seen Tom that morning.
③當直接引語為特殊疑問句時，就將其變為以這個特殊疑問詞為連接詞引導的賓語從句。
例如：
“What are they doing over there?” asked John.
--John asked what they were doing over there.
④當直接引語為祈使句時，就將其變成動詞不定式形式;同時還要注意把say改為可以接動詞不定式作賓語補足語的動詞，如tell, ask, order, advise等等。
例如：
“Go there at once,” Father said to me just now.
--Father ordered me to go there at once just now.
2．人稱的改變。變成間接引語的句子前后人稱要一致。
例如：
“Your bike is more beautiful than mine.” she said to me.
--She said that my bike was more beautiful than hers.
3．謂語動詞時態的改變：當主句的謂語動詞為一般現在時態時，從句可以根據需要使用不同的時態，也就是說，原來直接引語的時態大多不需要改變，而當主句用一般過去時態時，從句要用表示過去范疇的時態。
例如：
“Come here again next month,” he is saying to us.
--He is telling us to come here again next month.
注意：如果直接引語的謂語動詞為一般現在時態，而內容又是客觀事實、科學真理、現在的習慣動作以及格言等時，間接引語保持原來的時態不變。
例如：
The teacher said to us,” The earth goes around the sun.”
--The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
4．根據句子的意思，句中的指示代詞、地點以及時間狀語等也要作必要的變動。
例如：
“Come here,” the police officer said to the driver.
--The police officer told the driver to go there.
【考點透視 考例精析】
[考點] 考查動詞的-ing形式與-ed分詞的用法。
[考例1] The old man felt _______________ he couldn’t say a word but cried with his body shaking at the airport.
A．so excited that B．so exciting that C．oo excited to D．enough exciting to
[解析] 選Ａ．從對句子的結構分析我們可以看出這是一個復合句，因此用so …that連接。Excited表示“某人對某事感到激動”，所以其主語多用指人的詞；而exciting表示“某事令某人激動的”，因而主語多用指物的詞。本句的意思是“那位老人感到非常激動，他在飛機場顫動著身體大哭起來，一句話都說不出來。”因此答案選A。
[考點] 考查動詞need to do與need doing/to be done的用法。
[考例2]The teachers___________ change their forms of practice, and sometimes some practice ________ as well.
A．need, needs changing B．need, needs to change
C．need to, need to change D．need to, needs changing
[解析]選Ｄ．由指人的詞作主語，表示“需要做某事”的時候，應該使用句型“need to do something”；如果要表示“某事需要（被）做”，那就一般用指物的詞作主語，使用句型“something need doing/to be done”。
[考點]本題考查動詞trade的用法以及not at all 與not a little的意義區別。
[考例3] Mr. Robert doesn’t like to _________ with Arabs _____________ just because he used to be hurt five years ago.
A．trade, at all B．business, not a bit
C．trade, a little D．do business, not a little
[解析] 選Ａ．“trade…with 與do business with”意思都是“與某人做買賣、交往”。Not at all 與not a bit都表示“一點也不”；但是，not a little表示“不止一點，非常，相當”的意思，相當于very的意思。所以，根據句子的意思，應該選A。
[拓展] not a bit與not a little這兩個詞組的意思要引起特別的重視，因為它們的肯定意思相同，而否定結構意思相差非常大。另外還要注意這兩個詞組的肯定式后面接名詞時也是有區別的。a bit后要先接of再接名詞；而a little后可以直接接名詞。例如：
There is only a little ink in the bottle.
There is only a bit of ink in the bottle.
[考點] need作情態動詞與作行為動詞的區別。
[考例4] In fact you ______________ argue with anyone, just making yourself happy in your office.
A．need not to B．didn’t need to C．mustn’t D．can’t
[解析] 選Ｂ．need既可以作情態動詞也可以作行為動詞。作為情態動詞使用時，其后面直接接動詞原形，否定的結構是直接在其后接not，而且無第三人稱單數形式；用作行為動詞時，變成否定句和疑問句要遵循其它行為動詞的規則，即加上助動詞do, does, did等等。
【基礎演練】
一、根據所給首字母或括號中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．You can spell the word “understand”, but can you p___________ it?
2．Pardon? Could you r_________ the question?
3．You can c__________ this TV set carefully with the other one to find which is better.
4．Although she is young, she is very i__________. She seldom relies on others to decide.
5．After the father retired, the youngest son r_____________ him as president of the company.
6．All the children listened to his ____________(冒險經歷) with eager attention.
7．He ________________(爭論) with Mary about the best place for a holiday yesterday.
8．The president has already _________________(溝通) on this event with the general manager.
9．When will the new novel be ______________(出版)?
10．Only with ____________（組織）can the wisdom of the collective be given full play.
二、單項填空：
1．It’s said that the weather will _________ hot for another three or four days.
A．look B．last C．stay D．get
2． I have to go to work by taxi because my car ______ at the garage. [06 重慶卷]
A．will be repaired B．is repaired C．is being repaired D．has been repaired
3．I telephoned him twice and I couldn’t get through to his house. The line must have been out of order, _______________?
A．doesn’t it B．mustn’t it C．wasn’t it D．hadn’t it
4．__________ is the kindness of the nurse that the patient can never be __________ to her.
A．So, too thankful B．Such, so thankful
C．So, that thankful D．Such, thankful enough
5． ________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.
A．Besides B．With C．As for D．Because of
6．All morning as she waited for the medical report from the window, her nervousness _________.
A．is growing B．has grown C．grew D．had grown
7．The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once _________ with each other.
A．they had quarreled B．hey have quarreled
C．have they quarreled D．had they quarreled
8．In this experiment, they are waken up several times during the night, and asked to report what they ____________.
A．had just been dreaming B．are just dreaming
C．have just been dreaming D．had just dreamt
9．Tom ought not to _________ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A．have told B．tell C．be telling D．having told
10．--English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
--Yes. _________ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A．Know B．Knowing C．To know D．Known
【能力拓展】
閱讀理解：
Many American presidents in the 19th century were born in poor families. They spent their childhood in little wooden rooms. They got little education. Washington and Lincoln, for example, never went to school and they taught themselves. Lincoln once did jobs for a worker, shop-keeper and post-master in his early years.
A large number of American presidents had experiences in the army. The two best known were Ulysses Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Grant was a general in the American Civil War and Eisenhower was hero in the Second World War. It happened that they graduated from the same school--West Point Military Academy(西點軍校).One may be surprised to learn that both of them didn't do well in the school. Eisenhower, for example, was once fined(punished to pay money) because he broke the rules of the school.
The jobs of the U.S. presidents are tiring. He must keep an eye on anything important that happens both at home and abroad. Every day, a lot of work waits for him to do and he has to make many important decisions. When Franklin Roosevelt was a child, he was once brought to visit President Taft. The old president said to him," When you grow up, you should not be president. It's a tiring job."
1． How many American presidents are mentioned in this passage?
A．4 B．5 C．6 D．7
2．Who regard the jobs of the U.S. presidents as the tiring ones?
A．Grant B．Taft C．Eisenhower D．Roosevelt
3．In this passage, "keep an eye on" means _______.
A．take care of B．see C．look at fixedly D．stare at
4．The second paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A．that Eisenhower became famous in the Second World War
B．how Grant became a general
C．that Grant and Eisenhower were both schoolmates
D．that many of the U.S. presidents had served in the army
5．Which of the following is true?
A．F. Roosevelt was one of the U.S. presidents before Grant
B．Lincoln was elected the U.S. president after Grant
C．West Point Military Academy was founded in the Second World War
D．Washington was born in a very poor family
參考答案
高一部分
Units 1-2 (B1)
基礎演練
一、1． pronounce 2．repeat 3．compare 4．independent 5．replaced 6．adventures 7．argued 8．communicated 9．published 10．organization
二、1-5 CCCDB 6-10 CCCAA
能力拓展
1-5 CBADD
1．C 從文章所提到的姓名中可以算出來。
2．B 最后一段的最后，從上下文可以判斷出來。“When Franklin Roosevelt was a child, he was once brought to visit President Taft. The old president said…”
3．A 根據文章內容猜測這個詞組的意思，應為“關注”。
4．D歸納第二段的段意可以得出此答案。
5．D 根據全文意思判斷正誤。